Bacteklfi70ru isolatedfrom the venoms and mouth cavities of Costa Rican snakes suggest that secondary bacterial infection following snakebite is a realpossibility. No one treatment strategy can be expected to completely control all infections; but the results suggest that in emergency situations administration of penicillin combined with a broad-spectrum antibiotic such as chloramphenicol or te...

Cryptosporial and bacterial co-infection is reported in a budgerigar with clinical manifestations of septicemia and respiratory tract infection. Microscopically large number of round to oval 2-5μm cryptosporidial organisms were found to be lodged on the parabronchial epithelial cells of the respiratory tract. The bacterial colonies were seen around the parabronchial spaces of the lung tissue. I...

Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus are ubiquitous upper respiratory opportunistic pathogens. Individually, these Gram-positive microbes are two of the most common causative agents of secondary bacterial pneumonia following influenza A virus infection, and they constitute a significant source of morbidity and mortality. Since the introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine...

dermatophilosis is a bacterial skin infection and wet conditions like, raining and dipping predispose sheep to it. a great economic loss can be caused by this disease because of its effect on the quality of wool. in iran (near saveh), there was an outbreak of the disease in a herd and the clinical manifestation was different from that of typical dermatophilosis. diffuse wide alopecic area accom...

We used a meta-analysis approach to investigate the association between proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use and risk of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) in cirrhotic patients. We searched Ovid Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library to identify eligible studies. We included studies that compared cirrhotic patients who did or did not use PPIs. The primary outcome was SBP, and the secondary ...

Influenza viral infection is well-known to predispose to subsequent bacterial superinfection in the lung but the mechanisms have remained poorly defined. We have established a murine model of heterologous infections by an H1N1 influenza virus and Staphylococcus aureus. We found that indeed prior influenza infection markedly increased the susceptibility of mice to secondary S. aureus superinfect...

BACKGROUND DAS181 (Fludase) is a sialidase fusion protein in clinical development as a broad-spectrum anti-influenza virus (IFV) therapeutic agent. Previous reports by other investigators have raised the concern that desialylation of airway epithelium might increase susceptibility to Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. METHODS To address whether DAS181 would lead to an increased risk of pneum...

Pneumonia is a leading cause of death worldwide. Staphylococcal aureus can be a cause of severe pneumonia alone or a common pathogen in secondary pneumonia following influenza. Recently, we reported that preceding influenza attenuated the Type 17 pathway, increasing the lung's susceptibility to secondary infection. IL-1β is known to regulate host defense, including playing a role in Th17 polari...

Subungual melanoma is a rare subtype of melanoma. usually presents as discoloration the nail, nail splitting, or bed bleeding and may easily be misdiagnosed onychomycosis bacterial infection. Furthermore, secondary infections are possible, which could lead to late diagnosis. For this reason, most subungual melanomas diagnosed in advanced stages associated with poor prognosis. We present case 90...

Secondary bacterial infections post-COVID infection posed a major challenge to the healthcare settings during COVID pandemic. We present case of an 81-year-old patient who was initially admitted for pneumonia in tertiary care hospital and managed with course dexamethasone had good outcome. However, post-discharge, developed symptoms productive cough, hemoptysis shortness breath. Evaluation reve...