Abstract Angiosperms may be distinguished from their gymnosperm peers by flowers, and thus a flower is good proxy of fossil angiosperms. However, flowers parts are usually too frail to preserved in the record. This makes origin angiosperms foci controversy botany. Eliminating such botanical controversies can only achieved studying related plant fossils. Applying routine scanning electron micros...

Tropical evergreen perennials undergo recurrent flush growth, and their terminal buds alternate between growth and dormancy. In sharp contrast to the intensive studies on bud development in temperate deciduous trees, there is little information about bud development regulation in tropical trees. In this study, litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) was used as a model tropical perennial for morphologi...

The development of the mammalian kidney, or metanephros, occurs in a region of posterior intermediate mesoderm by inductive interactions between the metanephric mesenchyme and the ureteric bud epithelium (Kuure et al., 2000; Lechner and Dressler, 1997; Schedl and Hastie, 2000). Induction of the mesenchyme by signals emanating from the bud initiates the aggregation of the mesenchyme and the conv...

In the production and breeding of Chrysanthemum sp., shoot branching is an important quality aspect as the outgrowth of axillary buds determines the final plant shape. Bud outgrowth is mainly controlled by apical dominance and the crosstalk between the plant hormones auxin, cytokinin and strigolactone. In this work the hormonal and genetic regulation of axillary bud outgrowth was studied in two...

The undifferentiated vertebrate limb bud is a selforganizing system. If transplanted to a favorable ectopic location, the limb bud is capable of developing into a morphologically normal limb (Harrison, 1918), and the anterior-posterior polarity of the transplanted limb is determined by the graft rather than the host environment. Great progress has recently been made in understanding the molecul...

In deciduous trees, measurement of stem water potential can be difficult during the leafless period in winter. By using thermocouple psychrometry, osmotic water potentials (Ψo; actual Ψo: Ψo(act); Ψo at full saturation: Ψo(sat)) of expressed sap of bark and bud tissue were measured in order to test if the severity of winter desiccation in apple stems could be sufficiently assessed with Ψo. Wate...

Strigolactone (SL), auxin and cytokinin (CK) interact to regulate shoot branching. CK has long been considered to be the only key phytohormone to promote lateral bud outgrowth. Here we report that gibberellin also acts as a positive regulator in the control of shoot branching in the woody plant Jatropha curcas. We show that gibberellin and CK synergistically promote lateral bud outgrowth, and t...

Sir, We read with great interest the article by Vijayaraghavan et al., titled “Sonographic features of agenesis of dorsal pancreas,” which was published in the August 2013 issue of the journal.[1] The authors have narrated the clinical and radiological presentation of a rare entity in a suitable manner. In the discussion section, authors have mentioned that “the dorsal bud drains through duct o...

Bud break pattern is a key determinant of tree architecture. The mechanisms leading to the precedence of certain buds over the others are not yet fully explained, but the availability of soluble sugars may play a significant role, especially those in the xylem sap at the onset of the growing period. Here, we measured carbon availability in the different tissues (bud, xylem and bark). To assess ...