introduction chronic diarrhea of infancy is a heterogeneous syndrome that includes several diseases with different etiologies. the aim of this study was investigating chronic diarrhea, its etiologies, clinical features and outcomes in infancy.materials and methods retrospective study investigating infants hospitalized in the gastroenterology department of tehran tertiary care center.the main de...

contact dermatitis is an inflammatory reaction of the skin and mucosa to either external or internal factors. it can be divided to two forms of irritant contact dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis. nickel is one of the most common materials that causes allergic contact dermatitis and is widely used in orthodontic appliances. the inflammatory reaction to this metal in orthodontics is usua...

inhalation of fungal spores is shown to participate in the development of allergic rhinitis symptoms. in this study, relation between presence of alternaria in the human nasal cavity and allergic rhinitis is assessed. in a case-control study, 58 allergic rhinitis patients were compared with a well-matched control group of fifty healthy volunteers for sensitization to alternaria (by skin prick t...

Recently, in the Auerswald et al. (2015) comment on "Rainfall erosivity in Europe", 5 criticisms were addressed: i) the neglect of seasonal erosion indices, ii) the neglect of published studies and data, iii) the low temporal resolution of the data, especially of the maximum rain intensity, iv) the use of precipitation data instead of rain data and the subsequent deviation of the R-factor in Ge...

Reproductive success usually declines in the course of the season, which may be a direct effect of breeding time, an effect of quality (individuals with high phenotypic or environmental quality breeding early), or a combination of the two. Being able to distinguish between these possibilities is crucial when trying to understand individual variation in annual routines, for instance when to bree...

As we start a new school year I would like to take this opportunity to welcome back the many students, staff, research associates and faculty associated with the Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior (CISAB). To those of you who are new to CISAB and the Indiana University community, I would like to extend a special welcome to you and I would also like to express my excitement abou...

Influenza causes acute respiratory infections and various complications. Children in the high-risk group have higher complication and hospitalization rates than high-risk elderly individuals. Influenza prevention in children is important, as they can be a source infection spread in their communities. Influenza vaccination is strongly recommended for high-risk children with chronic underlying ci...

Background Influenza virus infections cause seasonal epidemics, affecting millions of people worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates ∼300,000-500,000 deaths per year worldwide due to seasonal influenza and more than $26.8-87.1 billion/year in healthcare costs in the United States alone [1]. Influenza, a segmented RNA virus achieves part of its ongoing virulence as a result of i...

Dysfunction of upper and lower airways frequently coexists, and they appear to share key elements of pathogenesis. The interrelationship between upper and lower airway manifestations of allergy remains still incompletely investigated. Little is known about the critical factors that determine airway afferent nerve endings reactivity (cough sensitivity) in patients with allergic rhinitis. Subclin...