Is an antibiotic needed? Many diseases are not a result of bacterial infection and, especially when not severe, do not need antibiotics to manage them. Relevant examples include mild calf scours and outbreaks of coughing without other signs among growing cattle. Even in more severe cases of scour and pneumonia, the effect of antibiotics may be to protect the animal from secondary infection rath...

Influence of air entrainment on rock scour development and block stability in plunge pools The impingement of high-velocity water jets on plunge pools, such as it occurs downstream of spillways of high-head dams, may cause scour on the rock foundations. The scour process is the result of complex and consecutive physical phenomena. Turbulence plays a major role, especially in the jet development...

Growth and mortality of 3 species (Inversiula nutrix, Celleporella bougainvillei, Fenestrulina rugula) of encrusting bryozoans were examined from 5 Antarctic localities, along a latitudinal gradient. Typically, growth in marine invertebrates is, for ecological equivalents, slower or much slower in cold seas than warm waters. Contrary to the general trend, growth rates of 3 bryozoans were found ...

When a jet of gas impinges vertically on a granular bed and forms a crater, the grains may be moved by several different mechanisms: viscous erosion, diffused gas eruption, bearing capacity failure, and/or diffusion-driven shearing. The relative importance of these mechanisms depends upon the flow regime of the gas, the mechanical state of the granular material, and other physical parameters. H...

This paper explores the soil anti-scourability characteristics of land use types in northeast black region, takes surface (0-10 cm) three main (including natural grassland, sylphus pine plantation and cultivated land) typical region as research object, analyzes difference coefficient different types, defines influence physical chemical properties root on anti-scourability. Identify key factors ...

Recent studies have observed deviation from normal (Fickian) diffusion in sediment tracer dispersion that violates the assumption of statistical convergence to a Gaussian. Nikora et al. (2002) hypothesized that particle motion at short time scales is superdiffusive because of inertia, while long-time subdiffusion results from heavy-tailed rest durations between particle motions. Here we test th...

The one-dimensional (1D) power law velocity distribution, commonly used for computing velocities in open channel flow, has been derived empirically. However, a multitude of problems, such as scour around bridge piers, cutoffs and diversions, pollutant dispersion, and so on, require the velocity distribution in two dimensions. This paper employs the Shannon entropy theory for deriving the power ...

Scour is a significant issue for bridges worldwide that influences the global stiffness of bridge structures and hence alters dynamic behaviour these systems. For first time, this article presents new approach to detect scour at shallow pad foundations, using decentralized modal analysis through re-deployable accelerometers extract information. A numerical model with four simply supported spans...

most previous laboratory studies of local scour at bridge abutments were performed in rectangular channels in which the distributions of flow velocity and bed shear stress were considered uniform in the transverse direction. in reality however, bridge abutments are usually located in the floodplain zone of rivers where velocity and shear stress distributions are directly affected by the lat...