The objective of this study was to evaluate seed metrics, optimum temperature for germination and efficiency five pre-germination treatments overcoming dormancy Caesalpinia ferrea seeds. Seeds were subjected constant temperatures 15, 20, 25, 30 35°C the following treatments: nicking with pincers; immersion in water 24 hours at room temperature; scarification sandpaper; caustic soda 60 minutes; ...

• Abstract Inscriptions on the body, especially tattoo, scarification, and body paint, have been part of ethnographic literature since before the birth of anthropology as a discipline. Anthropology's origins as the study of the exotic Other can be seen in the early descriptions of the body art of non-Westem peoples. Anthropologists have generally focused on how the inscribed body serves as a ma...

BACKGROUND Vaccinia viruses have been used as a model for viral disease and as a protective live vaccine. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We investigated the immunogenicity of an attenuated strain of vaccinia virus engineered to inactivate the N1L gene (vGK5). Using the intranasal route, this recombinant virus was 2 logs less virulent compared to the wildtype VACV-WR. Infection by the intr...

Herpes simplex keratitis (HSK) is an inflammatory response to viral infection and self antigens in the cornea and is a major cause of blindness. Using two strains of mice which are susceptible (129/SVEV) and resistant (C57BL/6) to herpes simplex virus (HSV) strain KOS, (129/SVEV x C57BL/6)F(2) mice were generated and examined for their disease susceptibility in terms of clinical symptoms, ocula...

Previously, we demonstrated that an experimental smallpox DNA vaccine comprised of four vaccinia virus genes (4pox) administered by gene gun elicited protective immunity in mice challenged with vaccinia virus, and in nonhuman primates challenged with monkeypox virus (Hooper JW, et al. Smallpox DNA vaccine protects nonhuman primates against lethal monkeypox. J Virol 2004;78:4433-43). Here, we re...

Johar (Cassia siamea Lamk) seeds have physical dormancy, because the entry of water and gases prevents by hard seed coat in process germination. Therefore, to assist germination process, pre treatment form scarification is needed, among others using sulfuric acid (H2SO4) solution. This study aims analyze effect soaking H2SO4 with 96% concentration on johar The used a completely randomized desig...

Knowledge of the method seed germination is an important step domestication crop plants. The objective this study was to test aptitude Bobgunnia madagascariensis (Desv.) using pretreatment condition. Eight batches seeds were evaluated in two distinct substrates; namely sandy soil and ferralitic soil: (i) soaking cold water for 24 hours; (ii) hot at 100 o C 5 mm followed by immersion into tap ho...