Trophic interactions and ecosystem engineering are ubiquitous and powerful forces structuring ecosystems, yet how these processes interact to shape natural systems is poorly understood. Moreover, trophic effects can be driven by both density- and trait-mediated interactions. Microcosm studies demonstrate that trait-mediated interactions may be as strong as density-mediated interactions, but the...

Prioritizing and making efficient conservation plans for threatened populations requires information at both evolutionary and ecological timescales. Nevertheless, few studies integrate multidisciplinary approaches, mainly because of the difficulty for conservationists to assess simultaneously the evolutionary and ecological status of populations. Here, we sought to demonstrate how combining gen...

Over the last few decades, ecologists have come to appreciate that key ecological patterns, which describe ecological communities at relatively large spatial scales, are not only scale dependent, but also intimately intertwined. The relative abundance of species – which informs us about the commonness and rarity of species – changes its shape from small to large spatial scales. The average numb...

Antarctica offers a unique natural laboratory for undertaking fundamental research on the relationship between climate, evolutionary processes and molecular adaptation. The fragmentation of Gondwana and the development of wide-scale glaciation have resulted in major episodes of extinction and vicariance, as well as driving adaptation to an extreme environment. On shorter time-scales, glacial cy...

introduction ecosystem services are the benefits that human derives from the ecosystems. these are servicessuch as goods and products (e.g., fresh water, fuel), regulation of natural processes (e.g., climate, flooding, erosion), and nonmaterial benefits (e.g., recreation, aesthetic enjoyment). many cities are located in the important ecological areas. currently 29 out of the 825 ecological zone...

E. Lugato, G. Alberti, B. Gioli, J. O. Kaplan, A. Peressotti, and F. Miglietta Institute of Biometeorology (IBIMET), National Research Council (CNR), via Caproni 8, 50145, Firenze, Italy Departiment of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, via delle Scienze 208 – 33100 Udine, Italy ARVE Group, Environmental Engineering Institute, École Polytechnique Fédéral de Station 2 CH-1015 Lausanne, Swi...

Spatial pattern of trees can possibly indicate stand history, population dynamics, and species competition. This research was investigated in the Chahartagh forest reserve, Ardal region, chaharmehal and Bakhtiari Province, Central Zagros forest, and southwest Iranian state. In this study 53 hectare of the study area was selected and perfect inventory.  Information includes the position and kind...

Spatial pattern of trees can possibly indicate stand history, population dynamics, and species competition. This research was investigated in the Chahartagh forest reserve, Ardal region, chaharmehal and Bakhtiari Province, Central Zagros forest, and southwest Iranian state. In this study 53 hectare of the study area was selected and perfect inventory.  Information includes the position and kind...

Spatial pattern of trees can possibly indicate stand history, population dynamics, and species competition. This research was investigated in the Chahartagh forest reserve, Ardal region, chaharmehal and Bakhtiari Province, Central Zagros forest, and southwest Iranian state. In this study 53 hectare of the study area was selected and perfect inventory.  Information includes the position and kind...

Spatial pattern of trees can possibly indicate stand history, population dynamics, and species competition. This research was investigated in the Chahartagh forest reserve, Ardal region, chaharmehal and Bakhtiari Province, Central Zagros forest, and southwest Iranian state. In this study 53 hectare of the study area was selected and perfect inventory.  Information includes the position and kind...