With the aid of modern electromyography, numerous authors (Pabst and Esslen, I960; Sato, ig60; Orlowski and W6jtowicz, I962; Burger, I963; Blodi, van Allen, and Yarbrough, I964; Huber and Esslen, I969) have recently come to the (surprisingly) unanimous conclusion that a paradoxical innervation of the external rectus muscle of the affected eye represents the pathogenetic principle of all the ret...

To survive, animals must use the same peripheral structures to perform a variety of tasks. How does a nervous system employ one muscle to perform multiple functions? We addressed this question through work on the I3 jaw muscle of the marine mollusk Aplysia californica's feeding system. This muscle mediates retraction of Aplysia's food grasper in multiple feeding responses and is innervated by a...

Filopodia are thin, spike-like cell surface protrusions containing bundles of parallel actin filaments. So far, filopodial dynamics has mainly been studied in the context of cell motility on coverslip-adherent filopodia by using fluorescence and differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy. In this study, we used an optical trap and interferometric particle tracking with nanometer precis...

Small RhoGTPases, such as Cdc42 and RhoA, are key players in integrating external cues and intracellular signaling pathways that regulate growth cone (GC) motility. Indeed, Cdc42 is involved in actin polymerization and filopodia formation, whereas RhoA induces GC collapse and neurite retraction through actomyosin contraction. In this study we employed Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) mi...

BACKGROUND The number of retracted scientific publications has risen sharply, but it is unclear whether this reflects an increase in publication of flawed articles or an increase in the rate at which flawed articles are withdrawn. METHODS AND FINDINGS We examined the interval between publication and retraction for 2,047 retracted articles indexed in PubMed. Time-to-retraction (from publicatio...

With the aid of modern electromyography, numerous authors (Pabst and Esslen, I960; Sato, ig60; Orlowski and W6jtowicz, I962; Burger, I963; Blodi, van Allen, and Yarbrough, I964; Huber and Esslen, I969) have recently come to the (surprisingly) unanimous conclusion that a paradoxical innervation of the external rectus muscle of the affected eye represents the pathogenetic principle of all the ret...

Disconjugate oculomotor adaptation is driven by the need to maintain binocular vision. Since binocular vision in Duane Retraction Syndrome (DRS) patients is normal in half of their horizontal field of gaze (i.e., sound-side of gaze), we wondered whether oculomotor adaptive capabilities are efficient despite such a severe impairment of eye motility towards the other half of the horizontal field ...

how to cite this article: mansouri nejad se, yazdan panah mj, tayyebi meibodi n, ashrafzadeh f, akhondian j, beiraghi toosi m, eslamieh h. griscelli syndrome: a case report. iran j child neurol. 2014 autumn;8(4): 72-75. objective griscelli syndrome (gs) is a rare autosomal recessive immune deficiency disorder that presents with pigmentary dilution of the skin and hair, recurrent skin and pulmon...

This article has been retracted by IOP Publishing following an allegation that this infringes copyright and includes nonsensical content. investigated in line with the COPE guidelines, finds work contains tortured phrases [1], masking overlap to other published of others [2-5], figures from sources without permission. In light evidence, concludes should be retracted. wishes credit PubPeer comme...