Smoking-attributable mortality (SAM) is the number of deaths in a population caused by smoking. In this study, the authors examined and empirically quantified the effects of methodological problems in the estimation of SAM through population attributable fraction methods. In addition to exploring common concerns regarding generalizability and residual confounding in relative risks, the authors ...

The objective of this paper is to provide insight about the use of qualitative research in library and information science (LIS) literature. This paper also provides an account of the extent to which different qualitative methods have been used or are in use within LIS research. The analysis has led to the conclusion that there is a greater inclination towards some qualitative methods than othe...

This note introduces a new general conjecture correlating the dimensionality dT of an infinite lattice with N nodes to the asymptotic value of its Wiener Index W(N). In the limit of large N the general asymptotic behavior W(N)≈Ns is proposed, where the exponent s and dT are related by the conjectured formula s=2+1/dT allowing a new definition of dimensionality dW=(s-2)-1. Being related to the t...

Phenotypic plasticity in behavior induced by high rearing density is often part of a migratory syndrome in insects called phase polyphenism. Among locust species, swarming and the expression of phase polyphenism are highly correlated. The american grasshopper, Schistocerca americana, rarely swarms even though it is closely related to the swarming Old World desert locust, S. gregaria, as well as...

Several objects exhibit collaborative behavior if they act together in answering a message they have received jointly. Collaborative behavior is deened by cooperation contracts which are established between several object classes and which declare a set of cooperative methods. A cooperative method is invoked by a cooperative message sent to a tuple of instances, one for each object class in the...

Title: Examination of polymorphic glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes, tobacco smoking and prostate cancer risk among Men of African Descent: A case-control study Authors: Nicole A Lavender ([email protected]) Marnita L Benford ([email protected]) Tiva T VanCleave ([email protected])

BACKGROUND The Brief COPE instrument has been utilized to conduct research on various populations, including people living with HIV (PLWH). However, the questionnaire constructs when applied to PLWH have not been subjected to thorough factor validation. METHODS A total of 258 PLWH were recruited from two provinces of China. They answered questions involving the scales of three instruments: th...

One of the main interests in the field of neuroscience is the investigation of the neural basis of fear. During recent years, an increasing number of studies have used trimethylthiazoline (TMT), a component of red fox feces, as a stimulus to induce fear in predator naive rats, mice, and voles. The aim of the present review is to summarize these studies. We present an overview to the autonomic a...

IRS-III is the first WSMO compliant system for supporting the Semantic Web Services technologies and it is based on the IRS-II [3]. This paper presents how we integrated the OWL-S [5] service description ontology to IRS-III. We describe how the underlying model of IRS-III supports OWL-S.

The present paper investigates the effects of the trapezoidal teeth labyrinth seal on the leakage amount in gas turbines. The influences of increasing the number of teeth from 1 to 6 with step 1 and the tip clearance s=0.5 to 7.5 mm on the leakage flow at different pressure ratios of PR=1.5, 2 and 2.5 are examined, comprehensively. The analysis is performed numerically using a Finite-Volume...