Recent behavioral data have shown that central nonpredictive gaze direction triggers reflexive shifts of attention toward the gazed-at location (e.g., Friesen & Kingstone, 1998). Friesen and Kingstone suggested that this reflexive orienting effect is unique to biologically relevant stimuli. Three experiments were conducted to test this proposal by comparing the attentional orienting produced by...

Though few scholars compare presidencies, a recent collection by John Carey and Matthew Shugart (1998) compares the use of the presidential executive decree power in several countries. In a similar vein, we examine the oft-neglected power of the presidential pardon in the United States and Russia. The power of presidents to grant pardons is typically unlimited, which fact alone makes it worthwh...

the present study involves a brief introduction of two literary-mystical works in the widespread culture of the world of christianity and islam. that is, a novel belonging to leon tolstoy's last works, and attar's narration of the soul evolution of ibrahim-e-adham, the iranian prince. the evolution of the soul has in self some outcomes among which, love, life, piety, worshiping, and m...

One topic of increasing interest to conservationists is to assess the human value of ecosystems, from the provision of food and water to recreation, carbon storage and supporting biodiversity, to better understand their importance. But biodiversity and other ecosystem services are increasingly threatened by human activities. The hope among conservation biologists and policy makers is that futur...