To date it has been thought that shoe midsole hardness does not affect vertical impact peak forces during running. This conclusion is based partially on results from experimental data using homogeneous samples of participants that found no difference in vertical impact peaks when running in shoes with different midsole properties. However, it is currently unknown how apparent joint stiffness is...

London Heathrow airport is one of the busiest airports in the world. Moreover, it is unusual among the world’s leading airports in that it only has two runways. At many airports the runway throughput is the bottleneck to the departure process and, as such, it is vital to schedule departures effectively and efficiently. For reasons of safety, separations need to be enforced between departing air...

A vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) is a type of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that allows for flight in harsh weather surveillance access to remote areas. VTOL can be performed without runway. As such, VOTL UAVs are used areas where there limited space urban locations. The structural endurance further reduced the case fixed-wing UAVs. Long-endurance vehicles allow continuous flight, but the...

This paper proposes the creative idea that an unmanned fixed-wing aircraft should automatically adjust its 3D landing trajectory online to land on a given touchdown point, instead of following pre-designed fixed glide slope angle or path composed two waypoints. A is typical under-actuated and nonholonomic constrained system, procedure—which involves complex kinematic dynamic constraints—is chal...

1. The runway incursion severity classification (RISC) calculator is a computer programme that classifies the outcome of runway incursions into one of three severity classifications: “A”, “B”, or “C”. (See Chapter 6, 6.1, for a description of these categories.) The RISC calculator programme does not store any data; it simply provides a quick, easy and standardized way to rate the severity of ru...

At many airports, aircraft take off from multiple departure runways. During periods of high departure demand, whether or not the departure runways are balanced directly affects the capacity and efficiency of the airport. This paper begins by investigating the cause of runway imbalances. Homogeneity in the direction of flight during a departure push and the procedures for runway assignments are ...

Two Human-in-the-Loop (HITL) simulations were conducted to investigate the concurrent use of Runway Entrance Lights (RELs) and Surface Movement Guidance Control System (SMGCS) stop bars. The first study investigated use by pilots who did receive training on using these lighting systems simultaneously, while the second study investigated use by pilots who did not receive training. A total of 11 ...

There will be a number of airports that receive both a Terminal Doppler Weather Radar (TDWR) windshear detection system and a phase III Low Level Wind Shear Alert System (LLWAS). At those airports, the two systems will need to be combined into a single windshear detection system. This report specifies the algorithm to be used to integrate the two subsystems. The algorithm takes in the alphanume...

It is well known that priming stimulation promotes the motivational effects of intracranial self-stimulation(ICSS) behavior. An experimental methodology using the runway method could separately study the reward and motivational effects of ICSS behavior. In the present study, we examined the motivational effect of nicotine as measured by the runway method using priming stimulation of ICSS behavi...

Publications in the working paper series are issued for discussion and are not considered final reports. Comments are invited. In flight scheduling, airlines usually determine optimal timing for their flights to respond to time-dependent demand and the requirement of frequency plans, of available fleets and of aircraft routings. Nevertheless, it is unavoidable that some flights cannot actually ...