Studies of bone have determined multiple toughening mechanisms slowing the propagation of a crack. These toughening mechanisms contribute to the fracture toughness of bone in life, making their activities of clinical interest. The primary standard methods for measuring bone fracture toughness use a single-notched compact type specimen (CT) or single-notched bending specimens in four-point (SN4P...

An equation was developed from studies of single-pass wear and fracture toughness of filled and unfilled dental restorative resins and dental amalgams relating the sliding frictional force F to the normal load N, fracture toughness, modulus of elasticity, yield strength and slider diameter. This equation was of the same form as that reported for viscoelastic materials (F = KW). Friction was cau...

The dynamic fracture behavior of layered architectures is experimentally studied. Specifically, crack penetration, trapping, and branching at an interface are examined. A newly introduced optical technique called Digital Gradient Sensing (DGS) that quantifies elasto-optic effects due to a non-uniform state of stress is extended to perform full-field measurements during the fracture event using ...

In this study, fracture toughness of North American elk (Cervus elaphus canadensis) antler and bovine femur were measured using four-point bending tests on single-edge notched compact samples (ASTM C1421). Tests were conducted on crack growth directions longitudinal and transverse to the long axis of antler and bone in both dry and hydrated conditions to study the effects of fiber orientation a...

The paper presents the results of tests on the effect of the low calcium fly ash (LCFA) addition, in the amounts of: 0% (LCFA-00), 20% (LCFA-20) and 30% (LCFA-30) by weight of cement, on fracture processes in structural concretes. In the course of the experiments, compressive strength of concrete and fracture toughness for: I (tensile), II (in-plane shear) and III (anti-plane shear) models of c...

INTRODUCTION: One of the most important properties of implant materials for joint arthroplasty is their wear resistance. Because of their excellent wear properties, ceramic materials have found application in particular in total hip arthroplasty; however, brittle failure remains a serious problem. Basic research has thus been focused on nacre, a natural composite consisting of imbricated aragon...

The conflict between strength and toughness is a long-standing challenge in advanced materials design. Recently, a fundamental bottom-up material design strategy has been demonstrated using cellulose nanopaper to achieve significant simultaneous increase in both strength and toughness. Fertile opportunities of such a design strategy aside, mechanistic understanding is much needed to thoroughly ...

Mode I fracture toughness (KIC) and rock brittleness are important properties that influence many engineering applications. Due to the difficulties in determining KIC experimentally, previous studies have investigated relationship between indices. However, only indices (based on strength parameters) obtained from Chevron Bend Short Rod test methods were considered. In this paper, regression ana...

The suitability of high-strength ultrafine and nanocrystalline materials processed by severe plastic deformation methods and aimed to be used for structural applications will strongly depend on their resistance against crack growth. In this contribution some general available findings on the damage tolerance of this material class will be summarized. Particularly, the occurrence of a pronounced...