In 13 villages in the savannah zone and 21 villages in the forest zone of Côte d'Ivoire, the biting density of the principal malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae, was studied as a function of rice cultivation in the inland valleys in a 2-km radius around each village. In the savannah villages, during the main season cropping period, surface water on rice-cultivated and to a lesser extent on uncult...

Rough surfaces immersed under water remain practically dry if the liquid-solid contact is on roughness peaks, while the roughness valleys are filled with gas. Mechanisms that prevent water from invading the valleys are well studied. However, to remain practically dry under water, additional mechanisms need consideration. This is because trapped gas (e.g. air) in the roughness valleys can dissol...

A numerical model was developed for simulating the formation of U-shaped glacial valleys by coupling a two-dimensional ice flow model with an erosion model for a transverse cross section. The erosion model assumes that the erosion rate varies quadratically with sliding speed. We compare the two-dimensional model with a simple shallow-ice approximation model and show the differences in the evolu...

The article reveals the results of study main factors river riverbed formation within foothills.Based on previous studies, archival materials and own works, effect channel was investigated according to author's functional-basin scheme for conditions alluvial plains. territory Peredkarpathia adjacent parts Carpathians Podillia, which are characterized by extended areas valley bottoms filled with...

It has been known for over a century that the Uinta Mountains contained numerous alpine glaciers during parts of the Quaternary Period, yet until recently, the glacial record on the south side of the range had received little scientifi c attention. Results of recent 1:24,000-scale fi eld mapping of surfi cial deposits in the southern Uinta Mountains indicate that glaciers in the southwestern an...

The rivers of south-eastern Australia flow within a complex meander tract (Coonambidgal Formation) formed by phases Quaternary stream activity. Pumping tests, hydrochemistry and groundwater monitoring the Campaspe, Loddon Murray River Valleys show that for significant parts their courses, associated strip aquifers form single integrated hydraulic unit perched above disconnected from regional wa...

Inland valleys are becoming increasingly important agricultural production areas for rural households in sub-Saharan Africa due to their relative high and secure water availability and soil fertility. In addition, inland valleys are important as water buffer and biodiversity hot spots and they provide local communities with forest, forage, and fishing resources. As different inland-valley ecosy...