Philip N. Johnson-Laird Dept of Psychology, Princeton University, Green Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. e-mail: [email protected] In a civil action, an expert witness conceded two points: If a pollutant (TCE) had come from the river, it would be in the river bed. TCE was not in the river bed. The opposing lawyer claimed: The pattern is consistent with the conclusion that no TCE came from the r...

Philip N. Johnson-Laird Dept of Psychology, Princeton University, Green Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. e-mail: phil @ princeton.edu In a civil action, an expert witness conceded two points: If a pollutant (TCE) had come from the river, it would be in the river bed. TCE was not in the river bed. The opposing lawyer claimed: The pattern is consistent with the conclusion that no TCE came from the...

Water samples were collected in spring, summer, and winter from English rivers in urban/industrial (River Aire and River Calder, Yorkshire, UK) and rural environments (River Thames, Oxfordshire, UK) to study the biodegradation potential of the key steroid estrogen 17beta-estradiol (E2) and its synthetic derivate ethinylestradiol (EE2). Microorganisms in the river water samples were capable of t...

This paper represents a contribution to the study of hazard caused by the interaction between landslides and river courses. The effects of such interferences are often catastrophic and could include the formation of upstream lakes, potential dam failure, river bed dynamics and morphological alterations. These scenarios could be substantially reduced if it was possible to predict the eventuality...

that has a remarkably variable and flexible life history. Adult salmon spawn in fresh water in the autumn and winter, burying their eggs in river bed gravels (Stabell, 1984); the eggs hatch and the fry emerge the following spring. Young fish, known as parr, spend between 1 and 5 years in the river before smolting and migrating to the sea. Oceanic migrations take salmon to feeding grounds where ...

The visualization of an event or an object using animation techniques provides a better understanding about the information, mainly, for laic people. This study involves the total Corumbataí river extension, tributary of Piracicaba river, and supplies digital tool for visual diagnosis and prognostic of factors that impact negatively the amount and quality of water that runs in its stream bed. E...

1. introduction the analysis of drainage networks is a powerful tool to detect recent tectonic activity and uplift, as river channels are very sensitive to changes in the parameters that control their shapes and. climate changes, tectonics and lithology affect river equilibrium conditions and hence, river geometry. a river is in dynamic equilibrium when erosion keeps pace with sedimentation and...

in river meandering, when flow passes through a bend, reduction of flow velocity and rising hydrostatic pressure cause super elevation phenomena at outer side and reduction of water surface at inner-side of the bend. a helical motion results, causing erosion of the outer side of the bend. installation of submerged vanes on the stream bed can reduce erosion of the outer bank significantly. in th...