The effects of shadowing in oblique-incidence metal (100) epitaxial growth are studied using a simplified model. We find that many of the features observed in Cu(100) growth, including the existence of a transition from anisotropic mounds to ripples perpendicular to the beam, can be explained primarily by geometrical effects. We also show that the formation of (111) facets is crucial to the dev...

There are 8 cycle/deg ripples or oscillations in performance as a function of location near Mach bands in experiments measuring Mach bands' masking effects on random polarity signal bars. The oscillations with increments are 180 degrees out of phase with those for decrements. The oscillations, much larger than the measurement error, appear to relate to the weighting function of the spatial-freq...

In this paper we study the water wave problem with capillary e ects and constant vorticity when stagnation points are not excluded. When the constant vorticity is close to certain critical values we show that there exist Wilton ripples solutions of the water wave problem with two crests and two troughs per minimal period. They form smooth secondary bifurcation curves which emerge from primary b...

We carried out scanning tunneling spectroscopy measurements on exfoliated monolayer graphene on SiO2 to probe the correlation between its electronic and structural properties. Maps of the local density of states are characterized by electron and hole puddles that arise due to long-range intravalley scattering from intrinsic ripples in graphene and random-charged impurities. At low energy, we ob...

Much of the surface of Mars is covered by dunes, ripples, and other features formed by the blowing of sand by wind, known as saltation. In addition, saltation loads the atmosphere with dust aerosols, which dominate the Martian climate. We show here that saltation can be maintained on Mars by wind speeds an order of magnitude less than required to initiate it. We further show that this hysteresi...

Aeolian ripples arise instantaneously from sandy beds subjected to winds sufficient to cause saltation to surface grains. It is now widely believed that the process of ripple formation is a self-organizing phenomenon involving non-linear dynamics in the variation of flux of secondary grains that are ejected through saltation. In addition, the metric entropy and interaction matrix of the system ...

1. Auditory stimuli referred to as moving ripples are used to characterize the responses of both single and multiple units in the ferret primary auditory cortex. Moving ripples are broadband complex sounds with a sinusoidal spectral profile that drift along the logarithmic frequency axis at a constant velocity. 2. Neuronal responses to moving ripples are locked to the phase of the ripple, i.e.,...