In music there are several terms permanently used, whose meaning changed in time, depending on the historical moment or cultural space; among them, consonance and dissonance, diatonic, chromatic, and enharmonic. Tonality appeared during baroque era and was finalized by J.S. Bach. After that, it grew up in the music of Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Chopin, Liszt – for about 150 years. At the end of ...

Leuthardt [1938a] and Bach [1939] have expressed the opinion that in addition to the ornithine cycle there are other mechanisms of urea synthesis in the mammalian liver. Leuthardt [1938a] found that liver of starved guinea-pigs forms urea more rapidly from glutamine than from NH4Cl. He concluded that NH3 cannot be an intermediate in the urea formation from glutamine and that there is a more or ...

Sensory Substitution (SenSub) is an approach that allows perceiving environmental information that is normally received via one sense (e.g., vision) via another sense (e.g., touch or audition). A typical SenSub system includes three major components: (a) a sensor that senses information typically received by the substituted modality (e.g., visual), (b) a coupling system that can process the sen...

Bach et al. (2014) proposed a novel model of action understanding, the affordancematching hypothesis, to explain how people both interpret and predict actions of others. This model is based on two types of information. The first is function knowledge and is supposed to inform people about the goals that can be achieved with tools. The second is manipulation knowledge and is thought to provide i...

Richard Vallee is at Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City. He received his BA degree from Swarthmore College, where he first majored in chemistry and then biology. In his last semester he was introduced to the new field of cell biology and the then recently identified structures called microtubules. He did his PhD at Yale in protein biophysics, and then began...