Democracy is defined by two core tenets: voice and pluralism. Within these constraints, a wide variety of regime types can be designed. We show that the only new, untested form of democracy is when every citizen is governed by the political party of his/her choice. Multiple full-fledged governments would coexist in the same national territory at the same time, each one sovereign only over the p...

One of the most vital areas of public policy is education. In today’s societies quality and equality in education are among the basic human rights and its provision within the basic responsibilities of modern governments. Setting educational policies is the framework within which governments try to fulfill this duty. The success of such policies is a function of basic administrative arrangement...

Why was franchise extended to the lower classses and to women? Was it conquered by the excluded groups, threatening that unless they were admitted as citizens they would reach for power by other, revolutionary, means? Or was it voluntarily granted by the incumbent elites? This question is examined statistically, using a new data set covering the entire world from the inception of representative...

Abstract During the Brazilian military dictatorship (1964–85), Movimento Revolucionário 8 de Outubro (‘8 October’ Revolutionary Movement, MR-8) attempted to mobilise peasants for its revolutionary project. This article analyses communication between MR-8 militants and in Brotas Macaúbas, Bahia. Based on interviews document analysis, it documents central role of José Campos Barreto (Zequinha) as...

Popular education has played a central role in Pan-African liberation struggles historically and the present moment. In period following African independence, social movements that emerged around through Africa were informed by dialogue with related decolonial of Global South. However, specific contributions Pan-Africanist revolutionaries to broader philosophy praxis for is often under-apprecia...

Meles Zenawi and the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF)-led Ethiopian Peoples Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) came to power in 1991 after a 16-year armed struggle in the countryside. In subsequent years Meles Zenawi rose to have disproportionate power in the Ethiopian state, rising above the TPLF/EPRDF. As an instructor, theoretician, military strategist, intellectual and all-around...