The parliamentary socialists, persuaded as they were of the imminent proletarian majorities, initially viewed socialization as a realistic objective. But historical progress proved them wrong. The first socialist government in Sweden constitutes, in fact, a rare historical attempt to dispossess the bourgeoisie democratically (via a taxation scheme). The policy was a miserable failure, not least...

This paper examines the effect of aid on domestic savings in Sub-Saharan Africa. It departs from the previous literature on aid and savings in developing countries by abandoning the pervasive, but untenable, assumption that all aid is used to expand the trade deficit and thus applied wholly to consumption or investment. In fact, for the period 1965-2006, the evidence suggests that 35% of any in...

Reverse logistics involving closed-loop supply chains in various industry sectors has received growing attention throughout this decade. Reverse logistics considers several channels of reverse material flows from customers to suppliers. The value of product returns now exceeds $100 billion annually in the United States. However, only a small fraction of the returned product value is recaptured ...