The value assigned to aversive events is susceptible to contextual influences. Here, we asked whether a change in the valuation of negative events is reflected in an altered neuronal representation of their expected aversive outcome. We show that experiencing an aversive event in the past, and choosing to experience it in the future, reduces its aversive value. This psychological change is mirr...

The international investment position (IIP) is the balance sheet of a country’s external assets and liabilities. It can be used to measure the degree of financial openness of a country and to provide indications on the sustainability of its external debt. As such, it is a helpful tool for monitoring financial stability. Although studies of the IIP are fairly new, we shall review some mechanisms...

This paper attempts to model the behavior of 1-minute high frequency exchange rate data of 5 currencies : the Japanese Yen, the Australian Dollar, the Canadian Dollar, the Euro, the Pound sterling against the US Dollar, on 21 July 2005 when the Chinese Yuan was revaluated. The data shows the following distinctive features: (1) There is a large jump at the time of the Yuan revaluation, (2) Large...

The goal of the present paper is to provide a revaluation classification Bedouin dialects Northern Arabia and Southern Levant, based on published or publicly available data first-hand recently collected amongst some tribes in Jordan. We suggest extending previous classifications that identify three types dialects, namely A (ʿnizi), B (šammari), C (šāwi). Although intermediary mixed combining ša...

a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a self-organizing, self-configuring confederation of wireless systems. MANET devices join and leave the network asynchronously at will, and there are no predefined clients or server. The dynamic topologies, mobile communications structure, decentralized control, and anonymity creates many challenges to the security of systems and network infrastructure in a MA...

Recent computational theories of decision making in humans and animals have portrayed 2 systems locked in a battle for control of behavior. One system--variously termed model-free or habitual--favors actions that have previously led to reward, whereas a second--called the model-based or goal-directed system--favors actions that causally lead to reward according to the agent's internal model of ...

In this article, we present our first attempt at combining an elemental theory designed to model representation development in an associative system (based on McLaren, Kaye, & Mackintosh, 1989) with a configural theory that models associative learning and memory (McLaren, 1993). After considering the possible advantages of such a combination (and some possible pitfalls), we offer a hybrid model...

Health tourism in Hungary holds major opportunities. When analysing medical and wellness accommodation data, it can be stated that the Hungarian population is keenly interested in health-related tourism services. From the aspect of further development, health tourism based on medical services can be a take-off point for Hungarian tourism. In my opinion, the next few years will be crucial for Hu...

Seymour Papert has recently called for a "revaluation of the concrete": a revolution in education and cognitive science that will overthrow logic from "on top and put it on tap." Turkle and Papert (1991) situate the concrete thinking paradigm in a new "epistemological pluralism" an acceptance and valuation of multiple thinking styles, as opposed to their stratification into heirarchically value...

This paper deals with the problem of landmark detection for application of Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) for agricultural robots. A new method of using a fuzzy rule base for fast evaluation of landmarks based on its measurement error, amount of dynamic nature, need for a landmark and evaluation time has been proposed. The output of the fuzzy system is a multiplier which represent...