The impact of selective ion transmission on the use retarding field analyzers (RFAs), which is attributed to Larmor motion, was investigated. Depending radius and guiding center position, limits parallel perpendicular velocities inside RFA volume. velocity limitation flattens I–V curve, leading an overestimation temperature. However, can be reduced acceptable level using slope in a large grid p...

in the current study, pure tio2 and cr-doped tio2 (cr@tio2) nanoparticles were synthesized via sol-gel method and the resulting materials were applied to prepare the porous tio2 electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells (dsscs). it is hypothesized that the advantages of the doping of the metal ions into tio2 lattice are the temporary rapping of the photogenerated electron-hole (charge carriers)...