the principle of self-defense and retaliation created in order to protect people at risk of invasion and to comply with the conditions of human nature has a long history. according to islamic law also pay special attention to these issues and the abundance of evidence indicates that these institutions. these institutions in spite of similarity in the evidences and matters but they differ in ter...

Whistleblowing is defined by the retaliation that those who speak out receive. Why some organizations find it almost impossible not to retaliate depends more on the properties of the organization than the act of the individual whistleblower. These properties are, to greater or lesser degree, present in all organizations. Not all organizations retaliate against whistleblowers, but the whistleblo...

Since the Civil War, False Claims Act has served as a tool to combat fraud perpetrated against government. Early by government contractors during War was quaint: selling same horse twice or filling Union Army contract for sugar with sand. Today, recovers billions of dollars annually through actions under FCA. Essential FCA’s functioning are “relators,” private citizens who serve whistleblowers ...

We study the problem of learning policies over long time horizons. We present a framework that leverages and integrates two key concepts. First, we utilize hierarchical policy classes that enable planning over different time scales, i.e., the high level planner proposes a sequence of subgoals for the low level planner to achieve. Second, we utilize expert demonstrations within the hierarchical ...