The acid-base equilibrium is closely linked to gas exchange in the lungs, and respiratory exchange ratios are used to evaluate respiratory effectiveness and tissue oxygen levels. Acid-base indicators are determined in both arterial and venous blood samples. This study compares the usefulness of acid-base indicators of venous and arterial blood in monitoring the condition of horses with recurren...

BACKGROUND Because of high pulmonary vascular resistance in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH), right atrial pressure may exceed left atrial pressure during exercise, resulting in a right-to-left shunt via a patent foramen ovale (PFO). This shunting would disturb arterial PCO2 and H+ homeostasis if the pulmonary blood were not simultaneously hyperventilated to compensate for the...

Assessment of respiratory mechanics can play a central role in the management of critically ill patients undergoing artificial ventilation because of acute respiratory failure (ARF) [1]. This is a condition defined by a rapid deterioration in pulmonary gas exchange that may be due either to alterations in the mechanical properties of the respiratory system leading to ventilation–perfusion misma...

OBJECTIVE Mitochondrial dysfunction and fat accumulation in skeletal muscle (increased intramyocellular lipid [IMCL]) have been linked to development of type 2 diabetes. We examined whether exercise training could restore mitochondrial function and insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Eighteen male type 2 diabetic and 20 healthy male control subjec...

BACKGROUND A high fructose intake can lead to postprandial hypertriacylglycerolemia. The underlying mechanism is unclear. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to investigate the mechanisms involved in fructose-induced hypertriacylglycerolemia and the contribution of de novo lipogenesis in an acute setting. DESIGN In a randomized, crossover study, 14 subjects were given a fructose or glu...

This study examined the physiological effect of reduced plasma cortisol (C) during prolonged exercise in humans. The effects of normal C (NC) were compared with metyrapone-induced low C (LC) on plasma substrate availability and the respiratory exchange ratio during 2 h of exercise at approximately 60% peak O2 consumption in nine subjects. The C responses were compared with preexercise (Pre) lev...

To investigate the effect of altitude exposure on running economy (RE), 22 elite distance runners [maximal O(2) consumption (Vo(2)) 72.8 +/- 4.4 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1); training volume 128 +/- 27 km/wk], who were homogenous for maximal Vo(2) and training, were assigned to one of three groups: live high (simulated altitude of 2,000-3,100 m)-train low (LHTL; natural altitude of 600 m), live modera...