نتایج جستجو برای: resource use efficiencies
تعداد نتایج: 1920537 فیلتر نتایج به سال:
We present ion-by-ion cooling efficiencies for low-density gas. We use Cloudy (version 10.00) to estimate the cooling efficiencies for each ion of the first 30 elements (H–Zn) individually. We present results for gas temperatures between 104 and 108 K, assuming low densities and optically thin conditions. When nonequilibrium ionization plays a significant role the ionization states deviate from...
In lead halide perovskite solar cells, there is at least one recycling event of electron-hole pair to photon to electron-hole pair at open circuit under solar illumination. This can lead to a significant reduction in the external photoluminescence yield from the internal yield. Here we show that, for an internal yield of 70%, we measure external yields as low as 15% in planar films, where light...
Basin irrigation is one of the conventional surface irrigation methods used to irrigate many crops all over the world. EDOBASIN, a new mathematical model for evaluation, design and optimal operation of basin irrigation has been introduced in this paper. In this model the linear combination of desired efficiencies are considered in an objective function, and based on decision variables that incl...
In a recent paper, Guillemoles et al. attempt to clarify and explain the often cited paper by Shockley Queisser2 (SQ), which defines limits photovoltaic conversion single-junction solar cell. The SQ is not easy read therefore easily misunderstood. As modern cells approach theoretical efficiency limits, fundamentals become particularly important effort be welcomed. However, in doing so, authors ...
Abstract China's reform and opening-up strongly impact its local water resources. The most frequently stated problems are supply scarcity pollution issues in Yangtze River. What is not yet clear the correlation between comprehensive efficiency sub-stage efficiencies, utility efficiency, governance efficiency. This study aims to investigate together. paper provides a fresh perspective on develop...
during the process of reading, sometimes learners use ineffective and inefficient strategies and some factors may influence their use of strategies. perhaps critical thinking is one of these factors. this study aims to identify those categories of reading strategies that are mostly used by iranian efl learners and to see if there is any significant relationship between the critical thinking abi...
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