Genetic and cell biological analyses of sperm behavior in the female reproductive tract are providing important clues to the mechanisms of sperm competition, a form of sexual selection that is an important force that shapes reproductive behavior, physiology and morphology in a wide range of species.

OBJECTIVE To estimate the pattern of gynaecological morbidity in women seeking services. METHODS All women seeking advice for gynaecological problems in the outpatients department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences Islamabad, from January 1997 to December 1998 were included. RESULTS The total reproductive morbidity presenting at the outpatients department ...

Reproductive tract infection (Vaginitis etc) is a common public health problem with 5 % of annual incidence and 40 million new infections occur every year. This problem has gained so much importance that it became part of Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) programme which was introduced in October 1997 (American college of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 2011; Andersonb et al., 2004; Amsel et...

By examining the clinical and epidemiologic studies available in the literature, a coherent set of reproductive tract disorders related to CD can be outlined. The reproductive alterations most frequently found in women affected by CD include: infertility (2,3) , spontaneous abortions (4) , amenorrhea and shorter fertility period (delayed puberty, early menopause) (5-8) . Moreover, delays in the...

Immune infertility, in terms of reproductive failure, has become a serious health issue involving approximately 1 out of 5 couples at reproductive age. Semen that is defined as a complex fluid containing sperm, cellular vesicles and other cells and components, could sensitize the female genital tract. The immune rejection of male semen in the female reproductive tract is explained as the failur...