The reallocation of metabolic resources is important for survival during periods of limited nutrient intake. This has an influence on diverse physiological processes, including reproduction, repair, and aging. One important aspect of resource allocation is the difference between males and females in response to nutrient stress. We identified several groups of genes that are regulated in a sex-b...

Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the commonest Endocrine Disruptor Compounds worldwide. It interferes with vertebrate reproduction, possibly by inducing deregulation of epigenetic mechanisms. To determine its effects on female reproductive physiology and investigate whether changes in the expression levels of genes related to reproduction are caused by histone modifications, BPA concentrations consi...

Nervous system and sensory structure morphologies provide useful information for reconstructing phylogenetic relationships among the Polychaeta, Annelida, and Arthropoda. With the more common use of indirect immunocytochemistry and laser scanning confocal microscopy methods, the detailed information available from morphological studies has increased. Despite this wealth of information, developi...

Ticks are important vectors of numerous human diseases and animal diseases. Feeding stimulates spermatogenesis, mating and insemination of male factors that trigger female reproduction. The physiology of male reproduction and its regulation of female development are essentially a black box. Several transcriptomes have catalogued expression of tick genes in the salivary glands, synganglion and m...

Experiments designed for students in reproductive physiology are rare. Here, we describe a simple experiment concerning a physiological aspect of the reproductive system. Milk samples are obtained from cows in estrus, in midcycle, 21 days after insemination, and in gestation. With these samples, the gestation or estrous stage is determined according to the progesterone level in milk that is mea...

Semen, The Ultra-Structure of Mammalian Spermatozoa, Pheromones and Mammalian Reproduction, The Uterus and the Control of Ovarian Function, The Hazards of Birth, and Human Fertility as a World Problem. Each of the separate subjects listed above was authored by an individual or group of individuals who appear to be extremely familiar with their subject material. In each of the chapters a rather ...

Equine embryos are traditionally transported in Ham’s F10, a culture medium that requires special handling (bubbling with a specific gas mixture) before it can be used for the conservation of equine embryos. Two media have been tested for the cooled storage of equine embryos (Emcare Holding Solution and Vigro Holding Plus) and appear to be suitable alternatives to Ham’s F10. These media offer t...

Wolbachia pipientis, a maternally transmitted bacterium that colonizes arthropods, may affect the general aspects of insect physiology, particularly reproduction. Wolbachia is a natural endosymbiont of Aedes fluviatilis, whose effects in embryogenesis and reproduction have not been addressed so far. In this context, we investigated the correlation between glucose metabolism and morphological al...

Integrins are heterodimeric transmembrane glycoproteins involved in cell-cell and cellextracellular matrix adhesion. They also participate in cytoskeletal rearrangement, co-regulation of growth factor activities and activation of signal transduction. This review describes the available information regarding the role of integrins in human reproductive physiology and discusses their clinical impl...

Estrogens, the primary ovarian hormones and are accountable for the proliferation of cells and tissues linked to reproduction [1]. Along with the functions on female reproductive system, estrogens also play a pivotal role in the maintenance of physiological and pathological states including central nervous system physiology [2,3]. Due to this wide regulatory control, it is accepted that estroge...