In cloning attacks, an adversary captures a sensor node, reprograms it, makes multiple copies, and inserts these copies, into the network. Cloned nodes subvert sensor network processing from within. In a companion paper [2], we show how to detect and remove clones from sensor networks using random key predistribution security measures. Keys that are present on the cloned nodes are detected by u...

This paper proposes an entropy based target tracking approach for mobile sensor networks. The proposed tracking algorithm runs a target state estimation stage and a motion control stage alternatively. A distributed particle filter is developed to estimate the target position in the first stage. This distributed particle filter does not require to transmit the weighted particles from one sensor ...

In their fundamental work Paul Erdős and Alfred Renyi [1] considered the evolution of the random graphG(n, p) as p “evolved” from 0 to 1. At p = 1/n a sudden and dramatic change takes place in G. When p = c/n with c < 1 the random G consists of small components, the largest of size Θ(log n). But by p = c/n with c > 1 many of the components have “congealed” into a “giant component” of size Θ(n)....

Many complex systems in the real world can be modeled as graphs or networks. One of the most relevant features of graphs representing real systems is community structure, or clustering. In this paper we propose a method to extract the community structure of large scale/Big data networks. Such communities appear to be connected with unique spectral property of the graph Laplacian of the adjacenc...

This research was conducted to study the effect of gender inequality on social participation of women. The method used in this research was Ex-Post Facto and survey method. The statistical population included female students in different fields of faculty of humanities and faculty of training sciences and psychology (Islamic Azad University) Garmsar Branch in 2012-2013. Research instruments inc...

R egional unbalanced growth and the factors affecting it are one of the most important economic issues in developing countries. In this research, after evaluating the regional inequality at the provincial level of Iran, in order to examine the effect of economic factors on it, it was considered as a spatial econometric model using panel data during the period of 2001 to 2015. The evaluatio...

we study the effect of education and its expenditures, especially in higher education, on poverty and income inequality. using the keynesian approach it is shown that education, from the theoretical point of view, lowers poverty and income inequality level. in an empirical work we, used the data including 111 observations from 91 countries, with different human development levels, and concluded...

background: despite significant reduction in global disease prevalence, leprosy still has a high rate of disability while its determinants are unfair and many of them are amendable. the objective of this study was to measure inequality of disability in leprosy in iran. methods: this was a cross‑sectional study (2006‑2007) on all living people affected by leprosy registered in w. azerbaijan prov...

background: infant mortality rate is a useful indicator of health conditions in the society, the racial and socioeconomic inequality of which is from the most important measures of social inequality. objectives: the aim of this study was to determine the socioeconomic inequality and its determinants regarding infant mortality in an iranian population. patients and methods: this cross-sectional ...

The conditional quantum mutual information I(A;B|C) of a tripartite state ρABC is an information quantity which lies at the center of many problems in quantum information theory. Three of its main properties are that it is non-negative for any tripartite state, that it decreases under local operations applied to systems A and B, and that it obeys the duality relation I(A;B|C) = I(A;B|D) for a f...