The root causes of most violent conflicts lie in economic and political factors, often horizontal inequalities of various types. Yet people are organised, united and mobilised by identities, in particular ethnic or religious ones. Most conflict analyses treat religion as a subset of ethnicity. This paper explores differences between these two identities, both by reviewing literature and by anal...

Two decades ago, autocratic regimes were the rule in West Africa. Today, multiparty elections are relatively routine in the region, illustrated by the large number of elections conducted in West African countries in recent years. These elections provide insights into some of the strengths and weaknesses of the electoral process. Successful transfers of power in countries such as Senegal, Guinea...

As I write this, ethnic strife continues to ravage the world. It has been suggested that since the end of the "cold war," this phenomenon will be the greatest threat to world peace.1 In Germany, demonstrations and counter demonstrations mark the most recent murders of three Turks by fascists, a woman and two girls. Meanwhile, Eastern Europeans have been sent home by the thousands. Kurdish shant...

Religious violence in India has become one of the bloodiest humanitarian crises history. There have been many efforts to stop or reduce these conflicts, which is promoting religious moderation using art media. Within last decade, incorporating Sufi content Bollywood music videos a new trend. Sufism, as mystical form Islam, viewed more pluralistic and acceptable for all societies India. Therefor...