HIV-1 is transmitted primarily across mucosal surfaces and rapidly spreads within the intestinal mucosa during acute infection. The type I interferons (IFNs) likely serve as a first line of defense, but the relative expression and antiviral properties of the 12 IFNα subtypes against HIV-1 infection of mucosal tissues remain unknown. Here, we evaluated the expression of all IFNα subtypes in HIV-...

BACKGROUND Atypical antipsychotic agents are thought to be less likely than older typical agents to produce parkinsonism. This has not been well documented. We compared the risk of development of incident parkinsonism among older adults dispensed atypical relative to typical antipsychotics. METHODS Retrospective cohort study of all adults 66 years and older in Ontario. We used Cox proportiona...

While antibiotic pollution has attracted considerable attention due to its potential in promoting the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes in the environment, the antibiotic activity of their related substances has been neglected, which may underestimate the environmental impacts of antibiotic wastewater discharge. In this study, a real-time quantitative approach was established to eval...

Some synthetic chemicals, which have been shown to disrupt thyroid hormone (TH) function, have been detected in surface waters and people have the potential to be exposed through water-drinking. Here, the presence of thyroid-active chemicals and their toxic potential in drinking water sources in Yangtze River Delta were investigated by use of instrumental analysis combined with cell-based repor...

MECHANISM OF ACTION AND RELATIVE POTENCY Bisphosphonates are chemical analogues of pyrophosphate. The presence of a carbon rather than oxygen atom at the centre of the molecule prevents its breakdown. The two phosphonate groups are attached directly to the carbon atom from which also extend the R1 and R2 side chains (fig 1). The R1 side chain is usually a hydroxyl group and is often referred to...

Amsacrine [m-AMSA; 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m-anisidide] is a synthetic intercalating agent with clinical utility in the treatment of acute leukemias and lymphomas. However, as with other intercalators, its mechanism of action is uncertain. We have examined structural changes induced by amsacrine and other intercalators (actinomycin D, Adriamycin, mitoxantrone, 9-aminoacridine) in cul...

Current drugs against human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) suffer from several serious drawbacks. The search for novel, effective, brain permeable, safe, and inexpensive antitrypanosomal compounds is therefore an urgent need. We have recently reported that the 4-aminoquinoline derivative huprine Y, developed in our group as an anticholinesterasic agent, exhibits a submicromolar potency against T...

Relative potencies for 30 compounds scheduled for carcinogenic testing in the 2-year rodent bioassays were estimated based on comparisons with a wide variety of bioassay data for benzo[a]pyrene, nicotine, cisplatin, aflatoxin B1, and cyclophosphamide. Potential for oncogenic transformation of each of the compounds was estimated from short-term bioassays. Promoting strength was assigned on the b...