This paper examines the macroeconomic effects of foreign aid transfers in a small open recipient economy. The focus, however, is not on the impact of foreign aid per se but rather on aid’s influence conditional upon the different budgetary financing policies under the discretion of the recipient government. We compare the effects of an aid transfer tied to investment in a public good from a pur...

BACKGROUND Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, a mitogenic and antiapoptotic peptide, can affect the proliferation of breast epithelial cells, and is thought to have a role in breast cancer. We hypothesised that high circulating IGF-I concentrations would be associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. METHODS We carried out a nested case-control study within the prospective Nurses' He...

T he early 1970s witnessed dramatic change in per-capita output and labor-productivity growth rates in the United States. These growth rates averaged 2.2 percent and 2.0 percent, respectively, for the 1950–1969 period compared to 1.3 percent and 0.8 percent for the 1970–1989 period. Aschauer (1989) advances the idea that an important explanatory factor in this productivity slowdown is the gover...

OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between growth patterns in early childhood and the onset of menarche before age 12. METHODS The study included 2,083 women from a birth cohort study conducted in the city of Pelotas, Southern Brazil, starting in 1982. Anthropometric, behavioral, and pregnancy-related variables were collected through home interviews. Statistical analyses were performed usi...

BACKGROUND HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) children experience increased mortality compared with their HIV-unexposed uninfected (HUU) peers. It is unclear whether HEU children are also at increased risk for undernutrition, a modifiable risk factor for mortality. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional, population-based survey of children <5 years of age in 5 health districts in Botswana. Linear m...

Visibility degradation is a pervasive and urgent environmental problem in China. The occurrence of low visibility events is frequent in the North China Plain, where the aerosol loading is quite high and aerosols are strongly hygroscopic. A parameterization of light extinction (Kex) for low visibilities on hazy days is proposed in this paper, based on visibility, relative humidity (RH), aerosol ...

BACKGROUND Investigations into socioeconomic inequalities in mortality have rarely used long-term mortality follow-up data from nationally representative samples in Asian countries. A limited subset of indicators for socioeconomic position was employed in prior studies on socioeconomic inequalities in mortality. We examined socioeconomic inequalities in mortality using follow-up 12-year mortali...

Transmission of the two parental alleles to offspring deviating from the Mendelian ratio is termed Transmission Ratio Distortion (TRD), occurs throughout gametic and embryonic development. TRD has been well-studied in animals, but remains largely unknown in humans. The Transmission Disequilibrium Test (TDT) was first proposed to test for association and linkage in case-trios (affected offspring...

A hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer (H-TDMA) is described that allows a fast and accurate determination of the water uptake by submicrometer aerosol particles at temperatures below 0 degrees C. To avoid volatilization of semivolatile particles, the humidification works without heating the gas stream, and the gas-phase composition is not changed during the analysis. The applie...

In this paper, the gross electrical characterization of biological cells on porous substrate using COMSOL Multiphysics is analyzed. Dynamic electrical characterization during cell growth is required as non invasive and label free technique to understand the growth kinetics of cells. It is observed from COMSOL simulation that the percentage change in current density is greater in porous substrat...