An advance directive is a form of ‘living will’, which outlines the treatment desired when an individual lacks the capacity to make a decision of his own. This is called a living will because it is meant to operate whilst the maker is alive, albeit incapacitated. In view of the increasing treatment interventions now available, there is growing recognition that an individual has the right to ref...

The purpose of the study was to examine how teacher motivational practice might influence Iranian EFL Learners’ Request and Refusal Speech Acts Production. To this end, five instruments were used to provide appropriate responses to research questions: (a) Quick Placement Test (b) the Motivational Orientation of Language Teaching classroom observation scheme, (c) the Post-Lesson Teacher Evaluati...

Background: To date, more than 10% of the global population is unvaccinated against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and reasons why this not vaccinated are well identified. Objectives: We investigated prevalence COVID-19 vaccine refusal to assess factors associated with refusal. Methods: A meta-analysis was conducted during August November 2022 (PROSPER...

Two samples of "refusal factor" corn, one stored frozen in Minnesota and one stored dry in Indiana since 1972 or 1973, were analyzed for the presence of Fusarium spp. and Fusarium toxins. Both samples were from corn refused by swine in Indiana from 1972 to 1973. Sample FS 808 (stored in Indiana) contained 20 ppm of deoxynivalenol (20 micrograms/g), 16 ppm of 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, 5 ppm of z...

In the recent medical ethics literature, several authors have recommended terminal sedation and refusal of hydration and nutrition as important, morally acceptable, and relatively uncontroversial treatment options for end-of-life suffering. However, not all authors use these terms to refer to the same practices. This paper examines the various ways that the terms terminal sedation and refusal o...