Abstract According to the subjective view of lying, speakers can lie by asserting a true proposition, as long they believe this proposition be false. This contrasts with objective view, according which lying requires actual falsity asserted. The aim paper is draw attention pairs assertions that differ only in intuitively redundant content and show such are reason favour over one.

Continuity of service and cost-effectiveness are adding new challenges to life critical systems over and above the underlying safety concerns. The introduction of redundant components is a necessary condition for increasing the overall system availability with respect to physical component failures. Here we consider redundancy by means of replicating fail-safe components in a distributed real-t...

Current species extinction rates are at unprecedentedly high levels. While human activities can be the direct cause of some extinctions, it is becoming increasingly clear that species extinctions themselves can be the cause of further extinctions, since species affect each other through the network of ecological interactions among them. There is concern that the simplification of ecosystems, du...