Abstract The Hubble constant inferred from the 6-parameter fit to CMB power spectrum conflicts with value obtained direct measurements via type Ia supernova and Cepheids observations. We write down effective operators involving spin-0, spin-1/2, spin-1 dark matter that lead relativistic production of particles at early times, consequently an increase in number degrees freedom. This mechanism wh...

This paper surveys the theoretical and empirical literature on effects of real exchange rate (RER) international trade, economic development growth. We summarize main conceptual issues, briefly discuss relevance RER as an instrument policy, provide overview macroeconomic microeconomic mechanisms that link to trade long-run growth development, analyse challenges – especially disconnect between t...