A Z-R relation is derived using a data set which consists of nine rain events selected from Singapore’s drop size distribution. Rain events are separated into convective and stratiform types of rain using two methods: the Gamache-Houze method, a simple threshold technique, and the Atlas-Ulbrich method. In the Atlas-Ulbrich method, the variability of the rain integral parameters R, Z, Nw, D0 and...

Soil erosion is a most severe environmental problem in hilly area. The study carried out on Upper Bagmati River basin, North of Kathmandu valley having an area 61 Sq.km. (approx). Universal Loss Equation (USLE) model, with Geographic Information System (GIS) has been used to quantify the soil loss. Erosion modelling requires huge amount information and data, usually coming from different source...

Prognostic equations for the rain mass mixing ratio and the rain drop number concentration are introduced into the large-scale cloud microphysics parameterization of the ECHAM5 general circulation model (ECHAM5-RAIN). For this a rain flux from one level to the next with the appropriate fall speed is introduced. This maintains rain water in 5 the atmosphere to be available for the next time step...

Under the current climate crisis, ecological integrity of forest ecosystems is key to increasing resilience and sustainability water soil resources. Most forests around world have experienced deforestation degradation in past few decades; however, rate at which these occur varies depending on many factors, including type trees, management, climate. We conducted a review deforestation, degradati...

As a geological process that wears away soil, rock, or dissolved material, erosion may result in the loss of soil layers are rich nutrients for plant growth and reducing ability to absorb store water. High rainfall causes high level erosivity which can lead increase intensity. Therefore, predicting erosion, rain condition needs be considered most, especially tropics. This study was conducted Sa...

A rain field reconstruction and downscaling methodology is presented, which allows suitable integration of large scale rainfall information and rain-gauge measurements at the ground. The former data set is assumed to provide probabilistic indicators that are used to infer the parameters of the probability density function of the stochastic rain process at each pixel site. Rain-gauge measurement...

This study evaluated the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Forecast System (GFS) forecast bias in different precipitation (light rain, moderate rain, heavy rain and very heavy rain) by comparing the ground-based observations in three countries. Then the correlations between GFS precipitation forecast errors and the aerosol loading are investigated extensively to examin...

[1] Warm rain occurs in low‐level liquid water clouds and does not involve an ice‐phase process. Comprising many state‐of‐the‐art passive and active instruments, the NASA A‐Train series of satellites provide comprehensive simultaneous information about warm clouds and their precipitation processes. This study exploits multi‐sensor data from the A‐Train satellite constellation to investigate the...