this paper deals with the threshold radius that warrants the use of single restraining rail for transit and railroads. different railways use different threshold radius from 91m to 365m to provide restraining rail. these threshold figures are probably experience driven choices. the need for restraining rail may be related to a so-called derailment alarm coefficient of 1.2 sustained over 2m leng...

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the gating of interlimb cutaneous reflexes is altered by holding an earth-referenced handrail during locomotion. In the first experiment, subjects performed locomotor tasks of varying difficulty (level walking, incline walking, and stair climbing) while lightly holding an earth-referenced rail. In the second experiment, the extent of rail con...

Abstract MOS Current-Mode Logic (MCML) is usually used for high-speed applications. However, almost all MCML circuits are realized with dual-rail scheme. The dual-rail logic circuits increase extra area overhead and the complexity of the layout place and route. Moreover, little standard cells of the dualrail logic circuits have been developed for place-and-route tools, such as Cadence Encounter...

The leakage resistance of rail to earth is an important parameter of electrified railways, and it directly affects the characteristics of traction return current and railway signal track circuit. High speed railways mainly adopt the ballastless track in China, whose rail leakage resistance is very different compared to the resistance in the ordinary railway ballast track condition, usually has ...

The effect of the discontinuity of the rail ends and the presence of lower modulus insulation material at the gap to the variations of stresses in the insulated rail joint (IRJ) is presented. A three-dimensional wheel – rail contact model in the finite element framework is used for the analysis. It is shown that the maximum stress occurs in the subsurface of the railhead when the wheel contact ...

An ultra low-power high-speed rail-to-rail buffer amplifier with improved current summing circuit is proposed for LCD source drivers. By placing two complementary differential pairs in parallel, it is possible to obtain a rail-to-rail input stage. Then, a current summing circuit with two embedded comparators is proposed. With the proposed current summing circuit, the output stages will be turne...

Broken rails are the most frequent cause of freight-train derailments in the United States. Consequently, reducing their occurrence is a high priority for the rail industry and the U.S. Federal Railroad Administration. Current practice is to periodically inspect rails to detect defects using nondestructive technology such as ultrasonic inspection. Determining the optimal rail inspection frequen...

Stereo thresholds for 84% correct detection of sinusoidal disparity corrugations depicted by narrow-band-filtered random dot stereograms were determined for surfaces as a function of (i) luminance center spatial frequency and (ii) disparity modulation frequency. In addition, supra-threshold depth matching functions for two amplitudes of peak-to-trough depth were determined using similar stimuli...

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of grab rail position, orientation, and number of hands used on the kinetics of assisted sit-to-stand transfers. Participants were 12 able-bodied older adults between the ages of 69 and 88 years. While each one performed the sit-to-stand transfer, a motion analysis system with 9 cameras recording at 60 Hz tracked the 3-D trajectories of retrorefl...