UN Interventions: The Role of Geography This paper argues that UN military interventions are geographically biased. For every 1,000 kilometers of distance from the three Western permanent UNSC members (France, UK, US), the probability of a UN military intervention decreases by 4 percent. We are able to rule out several alternative explanations for the distance finding, such as differences by co...

We define a new set of excitations in the XY model which we call ‘‘fractional vortices.’’ In the frustrated XY model containing p bonds, we make the ansatz that the ground state configurations can be characterized by pairs of oppositely charged fractional vortices. For a chain of p bonds, the ground state energy and the phase configurations calculated on the basis of this ansatz agree well with...

Article history: Received 16 September 2010 Received in revised form 22 December 2010 Accepted 5 January 2011 Available online 12 January 2011 Seaports have historically played a key role in facilitating trade and growth. This paper is the first attempt in the literature to analyse the formation of Chinese seaport cities and the dynamics that drives it. First, we aim to identify theoretically t...

This paper analyzes the evolution of Chinese urban income distribution across space and time in post-reform era. Our results suggest no evidence on income convergence across cities during the period 1984-2003. We find that cities with comparable income level are likely to be co-located in the same region; further, cities tend to mirror the mobility of their counterparts located in the same prov...

We apply the idea of evolution to a spatial model. Prisoners’ dilemmas or coordination games are played repeatedly within neighbourhoods where players do not optimise but instead copy successful strategies. Discriminative behaviour of players is introduced representing strategies as small automata, which can be in different states against different neighbours. Extensive simulations show that co...

In this study, callus formation strengths of the rat femurs are examined after bone fracture healing using the computer aided finite element methods. The rat femurs are modeled using computed tomography (CT) images using both MIMICS R12 and GEOMAGIC software for finite element applications for which ANSYS Workbench is employed. The mechanical properties of rat femurs are obtained using the thre...

Labor Market Pooling, Outsourcing and Labor Contracts Economic regions, such as urban agglomerations, face external demand and price shocks that produce income risk. Workers in large and diversified agglomerations may benefit from reduced wage volatility, while firms may outsource the production of intermediate goods and realize benefits from Chamberlinian externalities. Firms may also protect ...