the main problem of ptolemaic model of the superior planets was related to the “equant point”. it is a geometrical point with respect to which the motion of the deferent sphere is uniform. but it cannot be acceptable on the basis of aristotle's philosophy on the motions of celestial spheres. astronomers of maragha school devised some new models to avoid this problem, while they were in acc...

In this paper we construct simultaneous confidence bands for a smooth curve using penalized spline estimators. We consider three types of estimation methods: (i) as a standard (fixed effect) nonparametric model, (ii) using the mixed model framework with the spline coefficients as random effects and (iii) a Bayesian approach. The volume-of-tube formula is applied for the first two methods and co...

investing in research and development spending (r&d) affects total factor productivity (tfp).recently new theories of economic growth have emphasized the relationship between r&d and tfpand also identified a number of channels through which a country’s r&d affects tfp of its tradepartner. this study seeks to estimate the effect of agricultural r&d and education spending and some...

Abstract: We present an overview of (geo-)statistical models, methods and techniques for the analysis and prediction of continuous spatio-temporal processes residing in continuous space. Various approaches exist for building statistical models for such processes, estimating their parameters and performing predictions. We cover the Gaussian process approach, very common in spatial statistics and...