Tetrad analysis, the ability to manipulate and individually study the four products of a single meiotic event, has been critical to understanding the mechanisms of heredity. The Arabidopsis quartet (qrt) mutation, which causes the four products of male meiosis to remain attached, enables plant biologists to apply this powerful tool to investigations of gamete development, cell division, chromos...

β1,4-N -acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (GD2 synthase) ICC/bone marrow Molecular marker of metastatic NB J Clin Oncol ; 4:363–369 (1986) RT-PCR ECL/bone marrow Molecular marker of metastatic NB Cancer; 92:924–931 (2001) RT-PCR ECL/bone marrow Molecular marker of metastatic NB Am J Pathol; 159:493–500 (2001) qRT-PCR/bone marrow Marker for minimal residual disease J Clin Oncol; 21:1087–1093 (2003...

Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is a valuable tool for measuring gene expression in cells and tissues. Unique challenges are encountered when studies are performed on cells microdissected from small specific areas of frozen animal or human tissue. This chapter describes the analysis of gene expression of chemokines and cytokines that are important for the ...

background: il-4 is a cytokine that induces differentiation of naive helper t cells into th2 cells. once activated by il-4, th2 cells subsequently produce additional il-4. objective: to examine the effect of il-4 on il-17 production and its effect in collagen- induced arthritis (cia) mice. method: in this study, a chicken collagen-ii-induced experimental arthritis (cia) model was used in dba/1 ...

Purpose: To study the possible anti-cancer effects of miR-744 on human gastric cancer cells, and underlying mechanism.
 Methods: The mRNA expression was determined using qRT-PCR, while CCK-8, Annexin V/PI acridine orange assays were used to determine cell viability, apoptosis autophagy, respectively. expressions target proteins qRT-PCR Immunoblotting.
 Results: Significant suppression...

Background Rough and/or plasma-activated abutments seem to be able increase soft tissue adhesion and stability; however, limited evidence is available about bacterial contamination differences. Purpose The aim was investigate the oral microbiota on four dental with different surfaces by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) culturomic approach. Methods Forty patients needin...

BACKGROUND Housekeeping genes have been commonly used as reference to normalize gene expression and protein content data because of its presumed constitutive expression. In this paper, we challenge the consensual idea that housekeeping genes are reliable controls for expression studies in the retina through the investigation of a panel of reference genes potentially suitable for analysis of dif...

BACKGROUND The incidence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonia is increasing in patients diagnosed with hematologic malignancies. The utility of CMV-DNA viral load measurement has not been standardized, and viral cut-off values have not been established. This study was designed to investigate the utility of CMV quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) using bronchial washing fluid. METHODS We retros...