In this paper‎, ‎we propose a modification of the second order method‎ ‎introduced in [‎‎Q. Li and ‎X‎. ‎Y. ‎Wu‎, A two-step explicit $P$-stable method for solving second order initial value problems‎, ‎textit{‎Appl‎. ‎Math‎. ‎Comput‎.}‎ {‎138}‎ (2003)‎, no. 2-3, ‎435--442‎] for the numerical solution of‎ ‎IVPs for second order ODEs‎. ‎The numerical results obtained by the‎ ‎new method for some...

In this article, we develop the distributed order fractional hybrid differential equations (DOFHDEs) with linear perturbations involving the fractional Riemann-Liouville derivative of order $0 < q < 1$ with respect to a nonnegative density function. Furthermore, an existence theorem for the fractional hybrid differential equations of distributed order is proved under the mixed $varphi$-Lipschit...

1. Examples Example 1.1. The field extension Q(√ 2, √ 3)/Q is Galois of degree 4, so its Galois group has order 4. The elements of the Galois group are determined by their values on √ 2 and √ 3. The Q-conjugates of √ 2 and √ 3 are ± √ 2 and ± √ 3, so we get at most four possible automorphisms in the Galois group. See Table 1. Since the Galois group has order 4, these 4 possible assignments of v...

Let q be a power of 2. We show by representation theory that there exists a q × q unitary matrix of multiplicative order q + 1 whose powers generate q + 1 complex pairwise mutually unbiased bases in C. When q is a power of an odd prime, there is a q × q unitary matrix of multiplicative order q+1 whose first (q+1)/2 powers generate (q+1)/2 complex pairwise mutually unbiased bases. We also show h...

0 −−−−→ {O, (0, 0)} −−−−→ E(Q) φ −−−−→ E(Q) α −−−−→ Q×/Q× 2 0 −−−−→ {O, (0, 0)} −−−−→ E(Q) ψ −−−−→ E(Q) β −−−−→ Q×/Q× . Finally, we have ψ ◦ φ = [2]E (multiplication by 2 on E) and φ ◦ ψ = [2]E. Thus although the situation is more involved than for the 2-descent on curves with three rational points of order 2, we have managed to break up the multiplicationby-2 map into two homomorphisms φ and ψ...

where v ranges over all places of Q and Qv is the completion of Q at v, denote its TateShafarevich group. As usual, L(E/Q, s) is the complex L-function of E over Q. Since E is now known to be modular, Kolyvagin’s work [11] shows that X(E/Q) is finite if L(E/Q, s) has a zero at s = 1 of order ≤ 1, and that gE/Q is equal to the order of the zero of L(E/Q, s) at s = 1. His proof relies heavily on ...