T he rather odd term optical pumping means just what it says. In general “pumping” is a process of raising matter from lower to higher energy; for example, raising the potential energy of water hy moving it from an underground well to an elevated tank. In this article we shall he concerned w i t h the pumping of individual atoms from lower to higher states of internal energy. The word optical r...

Optical pumping uses light to affect the internal degrees of freedom of a sample of atoms in a vapor. These internal degrees of freedom are angular momentum states of the atomic ground state, which are populated when light is absorbed and emitted. This experiment reveals many phenomena of quantum mechanics including angular momentum selection rules, the density matrix, and resonance. Optical pu...

The article is about to the calculation of main technical parameters directional air-hydraulic hood. It accepted as a mathematical model wave equations hyperbolic type applied pressure pipelines pumping stations, and analytical solutions for different values polytropic exponents are proposed. Water hammer poses danger normal operation equipment control measuring equipment, devices pipelines. To...

Abstract In order to ensure energy security, China should make full use of existing resources, such as the open space on highways, highways and railways, roofs industrial mining areas, towns villages, large-scale clustering deserts, gobi, wastelands grasslands vigorously develop new photovoltaic power wind power. At same time, construction pumping solar thermal storage stations mountains variou...

Wastewater pumping consumes 10% to 20% of electricity in wastewater treatment plants. To reduce the energy consumption, a data-driven approach is applied to model and optimize the wastewater pumping process. Datamining algorithm and multilayer perceptron neural network are used to build the pumping energy model. The optimization model is solved by an improved harmony search algorithm. Optimal p...

Price-based interventions can be corrective where users extract from a common resource, but may also impact existing social norms, often crowding them out. In contrast, I find a pumping tax implemented by a group of irrigators in Southern Colorado effectively crowded-in pro-conservation norms, enhancing the financial incentive’s impact. Using a unique, spatially oriented panel-data set of groun...

Purpose: to substantiate theoretically the calculation of system for introducing organic fertilizers into suction pipelines pumping stations during fertilizing irrigation agricultural crops. Materials and methods. The foundations calculating are developed on basis literary sources authors’ research. If there is a composition nutrients in manure cattle (CM), horse, pig or sheep planned harvest a...

We explore the limits of liquid pumping by "classical propellers" with molecular-scale blades. Our molecular dynamics simulations reveal a huge sensitivity of pumping to the chemistry of the blade-liquid interface. We demonstrate selective pumping of hydrophobic and hydrophilic liquids, where the pumping rate is determined by the effective profile of the solvated nanoscopic blades. These result...

We have numerically studied a non-adiabatic charge transport in the quantum Hall system pumped by a magnetic flux, as one of the simplest theoretical realizations of nonadiabatic Thouless pumping. In the adiabatic limit, a pumped charge is quantized, known as Laughlin’s argument in a cylindrical lattice. In a uniform electric field, we obtained a formula connecting quantized pumping in the adia...