The existing problem in the construction industry, i.e. owner or client dissatisfaction in terms of prolonged delivery times, exceeded budgets and the non-attainment of quality standards. Real problems were substantiated by the emphasis on contractual responsibilities and risks. Construction investments are generally believed to be expensive. When contractual processes are in disarray, owners’ ...

Over the last 20 years the increasing availability, utility, and importance of geospatial data has led to new kinds of positions in government agencies, non-profit organizations and private businesses. While employment opportunities have grown substantially, guidelines for assigning titles, qualifications and responsibilities have not kept pace. Inconsistency in GIScience titles and job qualifi...

total serum copper levels of 70 pregnant women hospitalized for delivery at misaghieh (private), 90 at farah (public) maternity hospitals immediately after delivery and 27 non-pregnant women (control) were measured. the copper level in the blood serum of umbilical cord of the newborn infants was also determined. the copper levels were significantly elevated in both pregnant groups as compared t...

This article makes the case for greater collaboration and communication between scholars and practitioners of information communications technology (ICT) for development projects and for the use of multi-methodological, cross-disciplinary approaches to understand what will make for more successful endeavors in this important arena, the necessity of which is reflected in the widespread use of pu...

The PIDS Discussion Paper Series constitutes studies that are preliminary and subject to further revisions. They are being circulated in a limited number of copies only for purposes of soliciting comments and suggestions for further refinements. The studies under the Series are unedited and unreviewed. The views and opinions expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect th...