This paper examines the impact of vertical integration on the dynamics of performance in the context of automobile product development. Building on recent work in contract theory (Bajari and Tadelis, 2001), we first examine a number of detailed case studies to evaluate the relationship between vertical integration and different performance margins. On the one hand, outsourcing facilitates acces...

T he main aim of this study is to investigate the impacts of population total, gross domestic product per capita, urbanization rate and energy use on carbon emissions in Nigeria for a period of 1981-2015 using autoregressive distributed lag approach to co-integration (ARDL). The empirical results revealed evidence of a long run relationship among the variables. The generalized ridge ...

In this paper we establish Gauss-type quadrature formulas for weakly singular integrals. An application of the quadrature scheme is given to obtain numerical solutions of the weakly singular Fredholm integral equation of the second kind. We call this method a discrete product-integration method since the weights involved in the standard product-integration method are computed numerically.

In this paper, we studied the numerical solution of nonlinear weakly singular Volterra-Fredholm integral equations by using the product integration method. Also, we shall study the convergence behavior of a fully discrete version of a product integration method for numerical solution of the nonlinear Volterra-Fredholm integral equations. The reliability and efficiency of the proposed scheme are...

We examine the importance of merger integration risk to the outcomes of mergers using new product-based ex ante measures of integration risk at the firm and firm-pair level. Our ex ante measures are significantly associated with ex post statements by managers in their 10-K indicating difficulties with merger integration and also employee retention issues. We find that firms performing acquisiti...

As the environmental changing violently, almost all enterprises can’t survive without other enterprises’ cooperation. Many firms have tied with each other and formed an industrial chain structure relationship aggressively called as ‘Supply Chain Relationship’. Therefore, many enterprises had striving for industrial stream integration. With these integration processes, may go through some method...

This paper examines the impact of vertical integration on the dynamics of performance in the context of automobile product development. Building on recent work in organizational economics and strategy, we examine a number of detailed case studies to evaluate the relationship between vertical integration and different performance margins. On the one hand, outsourcing facilitates access to cuttin...

a r t i c l e i n f o Keywords: Virtual product development Virtual customer integration Co-creation Consumer motives Theory of planned behavior Virtual customer integration (VCI) involves customers throughout all stages of the new product development process. Firms across industries have started to experiment with virtual user integration and expect to utilize their knowledge, creativity, and ...

in this paper, an effective direct method to determine the numerical solution of linear and nonlinear fredholm and volterra integral and integro-differential equations is proposed. the method is based on expanding the required approximate solution as the elements of chebyshev cardinal functions. the operational matrices for the integration and product of the chebyshev cardinal functions are des...

The primary objective of this paper is to conceptualize and develop an approach to capture product data semantics for the integration of engineering applications in a design/analysis domain by building engineering ontologies and metadata. In this paper, we introduce our method of building ontologies, and using metadata to link product data to the concepts in ontologies. We present a method of c...