Orthodox tea is a major export oriented cash crop farming of eastern hilly districts of Nepal. Both tea estate garden and small farmers are involving in tea farming. This article is the outcome of both desk top and field study conducted between the months of June and August 2009. The study found that small farmers sell their green tea leaves mainly to locally established tea processing industri...

We present an Hilbert space formulation for a set of implied volatility models introduced in [3] in which the authors studied conditions for a family of European call options, varying the maturing time and the strike price T an K, to be arbitrage free. The arbitrage free conditions give a system of stochastic PDEs for the evolution of the implied volatility surface σ̂t(T,K). We will focus on the...

At one time or another, opinions on how central banks should operate have focused on fixing exchange rates, stabilizing the rate of growth of the money supply, smoothing the growth of nominal income, or setting short-term interest rates through an instrument rule. But lately both academic economists and central bankers have become enamored of a new procedure that may have more staying power tha...

Article history: Received 29 June 2013 Received in revised form 18 November 2013 Accepted 19 November 2013 Available online 12 December 2013 Constructing a duopoly model with non-constant marginal costs and a strict Pareto criterion, this paper examines welfare effects of world-price-fixing tariff reductions accompanied by adjustments of a domestic tax. If a destination-based consumption tax is...

This paper presents algorithms for single and parallel identical machine scheduling problems. While the overall algorithm can be viewed as a branch-cut-and-price over a very large extended formulation, a number of auxiliary techniques are necessary to make the column generation effective. Those techniques include a powerful fixing by reduced costs and a new proposed dual stabilization method. W...

The Azotobacter vinelandii is an aerobic, nitrogen-fixing bacterium with the ability to accumulate polyesters such as poly (3-hydroxybutyrate), a particular group of the polyhydroxyalkanoates (pha), when will be cultivated on several carbon sources, including sucrose. Although the capacity of Azotobacter strains to accumulate polyesters is well known, and the genes responsible for their synthes...

Non-commutativity is a common feature in mathematical modeling of reality which, in quantum mechanics, introduces the so-called Heisenberg-Weyl algebra. This new quality does not come without a price − the order of components in operator successions is now relevant and has to be carefully traced in calculations. A traditional solution to this problem is to standardize the notation by fixing the...

The gauge-fixing parameter ξ dependence of two-point gauge variant correlation functions is studied for QED and QCD. We show that, in three Euclidean dimensions, or for four-dimensional thermal gauge theories, the usual procedure of getting a general covariant gauge-fixing term by averaging over a class of covariant gauge-fixing conditions leads to a nontrivial gauge-fixing parameter dependence...

The ordered open-end bin packing problem is a variant of the bin packing problem in which the items to be packed are sorted in a given order and the capacity of each bin can be exceeded by the last item packed into the bin. We present a branch-and-price algorithm for its exact optimization. The pricing subproblem is a special variant of the binary knapsack problem, in which the items are ordere...

Biodiesel is a renewable fuel currently derived from vegetable oils and animal fats. One of the limiting factors for the growth of the biodiesel market is the availability and price of feedstock. Feedstock for biodiesel has to compete with the food crops for land and water. Hence, alternative feedstock’s that are not also food crops need to be found. One such renewable energy sources are microa...