the purpose of this study is to determine spatial dependency pattern of systematic risk of dry land wheat production in iran, using spatial autoregressive models. to this end, spatial weighted contiguity matrix was constructed based on the delaunay triangularization method, and correlation coefficient among these neighbors were estimated using spatial autoregressive models. in addition, the rol...

The amorphous platinum greens, which were synthesized from Pt ( N H s ) ~ ( H ~ O ) ~ (N03)2 or from Pt(NH3)2(H20)2(S04) and uridine, 5-bromouridine and ftorafur, were studied in the solid state by anomalous small angle x-ray scattering. The intensity curves exhibit a power-law dependence, which is likely to originate from large aggregates that are quite compact yet have rough surfaces. The sur...

Evidence is building that human-induced climate change— or global warming—has a direct influence on changes in precipitation and the hydrological cycle. While precipitation amount is most commonly considered, even bigger changes occur in its intensity, frequency and type (rain vs. snow). A warmer climate increases risks of both drought and flood, but at different times and/or places. These aspe...

investigations in recent decades have shown an unexpected increase in aerosol concentrations in metropolitan and industrialized regions. it was sometimes followed by heat islands and probably decreases in precipitation due to an inadvertent cloud overseeding process. particle pollutants act like small cloud condensation nuclei in which they form large collections of small droplets in cloud. col...

Accurate estimation of precipitation and its spatial variability is crucial for reliable discharge simulations. Although radar and satellite based techniques are becoming increasingly widespread, quantitative precipitation estimates based on point rain gauge measurement interpolation are, and will continue to be in the foreseeable future, widely used. However, the ability to infer spatially dis...

[1] Representing spatially varying precipitation for current grid length scales used in General Circulation Models (GCMs) is a continuing challenge. Furthermore, to fully capture the hydrologic effects of nonuniform precipitation, a representation of soil moisture heterogeneity and distribution of spatially varying precipitation must exist within the same framework. For this study, the explicit...

Eight years of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR) data show how convective systems of different types contribute to precipitation of the South Asian monsoon. The main factor determining the amount of precipitation coming from a specific system is its horizontal size. Convective intensity and/or number of embedded convective cells further enhance its precipitatio...

The purpose of this work is to contribute to a better understanding of the variability of precipitation in the Madeira archipelago. This archipelago is located in the Atlantic subtropical belt under the direct influence of the Azores high pressure system. It is formed by Madeira Island (728 km2) and Porto Santo Island (42 km2) and by two other groups of very small inhabited islands. The complex...