Billions of sleepers are used on railways around the world today. As importance in transportation sector is increasing, demand for also increasing. Although wooden and steel were rail systems past, today most widely sleeper type reinforced concrete sleepers. Among these sleepers, pre-stressed used, popular that can be produced many countries. The two main production methods ribbed system non-ri...

Salicylic acid (SA) inhibited germination of cocklebur (Xanthium pennsylvanicum Wlr), lower seeds, which are completely after-ripened and nondormant. SA also inhibited ethylene production during a pre-germination period of the seeds. Exogenous ethylene overcame the inhibtion of the seed germination by SA. Moreover, SA reduced respiration in pre-germinating whole seeds as well as excised axial...

Background: Rhabdomyolysis is a clinical syndrome that results in releasing myoglobin content from damaged muscle cells into circulation and often causes acute kidney injury (1). Different mechanisms are considered to be responsible in rhabdomyolysis and renal failure. However, free radical generation is the most important mechanism resulting in kidney injury. Thus, the effect ...

Renal failure is a situation in which the kidney fails to function adequately. There are two forms of renal failure acute and chronic renal failure. End-Stage Renal Disease is the final stage of chronic renal failure were in there is a progressive, irreversible deterioration in renal function and the function is substituted by continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), haemodialysis (HD), per...

This paper presents a methodology for the assessment of ductility and strength capacities in low-rise buildings. This method utilizes the characteristics of force-displacement for the lowest story level or considers the weakest story in any given low-rise building for its primary analysis. Calculations are based on two levels of earthquake motions, namely strong earthquakes (PGA=0.3 g), and ver...