Scaffolding is considered a salient part of EFL education for developing different language skills, especially better communication, and its inevitable impact on learners' psychological processes. The present experimental study primarily investigates the Piagetian symmetrical vs. Vygotskyan asymmetrical scaffolding pragmatic competence. To this end, researcher chose approximately 77 intermediat...

Recent research on children's inferencing has found that although adults typically adopt the pragmatic interpretation of some (implying not all), 5- to 9-year-olds often prefer the semantic interpretation of the quantifier (meaning possibly all). Do these failures reflect a breakdown of pragmatic competence or the metalinguistic demands of prior tasks? In 3 experiments, the authors used the vis...

Recent research on children’s inferencing has found that while adults typically adopt the pragmatic interpretation of some (implying not all), fiveto nine-year-olds often prefer the semantic interpretation of the quantifier (meaning possibly all). Do these failures reflect a breakdown of pragmatic competence or the metalinguistic demands of prior tasks? In three experiments, we used the visual-...

We will argue that this construction combines semantic and syntactic quirks that necessitate a constructional analysis. Further, we will show that specifying the pragmatic properties of the construction (and in particular the presuppositions that introduces) allows for a particularly elegant account of the construction’s distribution. This, in turn, provides further support for the sign-based v...

this study intends to propose a modern model in the field of human resources (hr) strategic management through designing human resources’ competence framework. based on this strategic orientation of organization on human resources management system has been investigated considering the mediating role of competence approach in central bank of the islamic republic of iran. in order to implement a...

Entropy can be defined as the antithesis of well-formed true reports that agree with each other and with the material facts accessible through the experience of one or more competent observers. The abstract convergence (strictly formal, logical agreement) of true narrative representations (TNRs)—ordinary valid reports of facts of experience—makes them formally more complete than fictions, error...

This paper propo~s a reversible architecture to handle not orily syntactic and semantic information but also pragmatic information. • I Existing architectures cannot represent pragmatic informatioil explicitly, and lack reasoning capability;given insufficient information. I argue that the techniques of plan representation and approximate reasoning are, in the enhanced argumentation system propo...

Intersentential elliptical utterances occur frequently during information-seeking dialogs in task domains. This paper presents a pragmatics-based framework for interpreting such utterances. Discourse expectations and focusing heuristics are used to facilitate recognition of an information-seeker's intent in uttering an elliptical fragment. The ellipsis is comprehended by identifying both the as...

Efforts to sow knowledge and pedagogic competencies for PAK teachers in the era of industrial revolution 4.0 are positive breakthroughs effectiveness learning facing various educational challenges problems. The method used is qualitative, accompanied by a literature study approach. Text analysis thinking through literatures that discuss science, competence, role teachers, carefully. results obt...