Commonly used irrigants do not always eradicate the entire microbial flora in infected root canals. Therefore, several other strategies, such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) have been developed. Photoactivated disinfection is based on the interaction of a photosensitive antibacterial agent and a light source. It uses a nontoxic dye named photosensitizer (PS) and low-intensity visible light. In ox...

Tissue engineering is the science of design and manufacture of new tissues to replace impaired or damaged ones. The key ingredients for tissue engineering are stem cells, the morphogens or growth factors that regulate their differentiation, and a scaffold of extracellular matrix that constitutes the microenvironment for their growth. Recently, there has been increasing interest in applying the ...

In order to achieve success in endodontics, major emphasis is placed on judicious instrumentation, microbial control, and complete obturation of the root canal system. During re-treatment of previously endodontically treated teeth, one may encounter a variety of different materials, which must be removed before these objectives can be achieved. The intent of this article is to present various m...