The Bohmian formulation of quantum mechanics is used in order to describe the measurement process in an intuitive way without a reduction postulate in the framework of a deterministic single system theory. Thereby the motion of the hidden classical particle is chaotic during almost all nontrivial measurement processes. For the correct reproduction of experimental results, it is further essentia...

Conditions of information independence are important in information economics and game theory. We present notions of partial independence in Bayesian environments, and study their relationships to notions of common knowledge.

This paper is an introduction to fuzzy set theory. It has several purposes. First, it tries to explain the emergence of fuzzy sets from an historical perspective. Looking back to the history of sciences, it seems that fuzzy sets were bound to appear at some point in the 20th century. Indeed, Zadeh's works have cristalized and popularized a concern that has appeared in the first half of the cent...

The paper is devoted to concern a relationship between rough set theory and universal algebra. Notions of lower and upper rough approximations on an algebraic structure induced by an ideal are introduced and some of their properties are studied. Also, notions of rough subalgebras and rough ideals with respect to an ideal of an algebraic structure, which is an extended notion of subalgebras and ...

In recent work, Stalnaker proposes a logical framework in which belief is realized as a weakened form of knowledge [33]. Building on Stalnaker’s core insights, and using frameworks developed in [12] and [4], we employ topological tools to refine and, we argue, improve on this analysis. The structure of topological subset spaces allows for a natural distinction between what is known and (roughly...

this study intended to develop a model describing speaking strategies for efl learners by taking into account the effects of learners’ gender and proficiency on the application of strategies. accordingly, this study was planned to have two main analyses, namely qualitative and quantitative. in this respect, 30 efl learners' viewpoints were sought, and then, based on the elicited responses, a 21...