This review considered groundwater resources, its characteristics, qualities, pollutions and available treatments. Groundwater refers to all the water occupying the voids, pores and fissures within geological formations, which originated from atmospheric precipitation either directly by rainfall infiltration or indirectly from rivers, lakes or canals. The chemical, physical and bacterial charac...

In the recent years, the amounts of green house gases have dramatically increased. This situation led to changing in climate conditions. One of the effective ways to reduce these amounts in atmosphere is CO2 capturing from huge spreading sources and injection it into geological formations. Peridotite is a type of rock that reacts with CO2 at higher rate when compared to the other rocks. Since t...

Recent onshore and offshore investigations in the Canarian archipelago, especially in the western islands of La Palma and El Hieno, have greatly improved the understanding of the genesis and evolution of these islands and allow interesting comparisons with other hotspot-induced oceanic island volcanoes, especially the Hawaiian archipelago. Genesis induced by hotspot activity and, consequently, ...

Atmospheric CO2 concentration has increased from 280 ppm during pre-industrial times to 380 ppm today as a result of human input, and this is thought to be causing enhanced global warming and ocean acidification1. Between 2000 and 2005, global CO2 emissions from burning fossil fuels averaged 26.4 Gt CO2 yr−1, at or above the highest rates predicted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Chan...

In the past 10–15 years, innovations in hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling have fueled a boom in the production of natural gas from geological formations that were previously unprofitable. The rapid deployment of fracking has been accompanied by concerns about negative externalities. In response, a regulatory regime has emerged that requires disclosure of chemical additives, but prese...

Mining operations and mineral-related industries are closely and directly related with the environment. The negative impacts of mining industry on the environment, known as environmental risks, must be controlled and managed in a way to minimize harmful and destructive effects. Environmental risk assessment studies are a suitable step to identify, analyze and rank the risk factors. In this stud...

in recent years, synthetic aperture radar (sar) images have played an important role in the detection and monitoring of ground targets because of their advantages such as independence from climatic conditions and sensitivity to the target geometry. the complexity of sar imaging sensors, especially in the conversion process from raw data to image, has made it difficult to interpret the behavior ...

The preferred method for the storage of spent nuclear fuel (HLW) is the disposal in deep geological formations. The repository will consist not only of the geological barrier but also of an engineered barrier and has to isolate the waste for at least 10 years from the biosphere [1]. In this barrier, several materials like concrete or bentonite are effective in retention of radionuclides. In mod...