in 2007 and 2008, the influence of pollen source on the shell and kernel traits of resulting seeds and on fruit set was examined to evaluate the potential for xenia or metaxenia in persian walnut. pistillate flowers of ‘jamal’, ‘chandler’, ‘hartley’ and ‘pedro’ were crossed with the pollen of ‘serr’, ‘z60’ and ‘damavand’. the pistillate flowers on each female parent were covered about one week ...

the fruit set rate and yield of pear are commonly low due to insufficient pollination, as the species is unattractive to honeybees. to improve honeybee foraging behavior for the pollination of dangshan pear (pyrus bretschneideri cv. dangshansuli), nine methods were used to attract bees. a control treatment of colonies was fed with normal sugar syrup, while six other treatments were fed using su...

control chart is the most well-known chart to monitor the number of nonconformities per inspection unit where each sample consists of constant size. generally, the design of a control chart requires determination of sample size, sampling interval, and control limits width. optimally selecting these parameters depends on several process parameters, which have been considered from statistical and...

 Gregor Mendel. Conducted hybridization experiments on garden peas for seven years (1856 – 1863) and proposed laws of inheritance.  Mendel conducted artificial pollination/cross pollination experiments using several true-breeding pea lines.  A true breeding line is one that, having undergone continuous self-pollination for several generations.  Mendel selected 14 true-breeding peas’ plant v...

Shifts in pollination syndromes involve coordinated changes in multiple floral traits. This raises the question of how plants can cope with rapid changes in pollinator availability by the slow process of accumulation of mutations in multiple genes. Here we study the transition from bee to hawkmoth pollination in the genus Petunia. Interspecific crosses followed by single locus introgressions we...

The role of pollinators in the evolution of the African-Malagasy orchid genus Brownleea (Brownleeinae) was investigated. Taxa show specialization for pollination by bees (B. parviflora, B. recurvata), short-proboscid flies (B. galpinii), and long-proboscid flies (B. macroceras, B. coerulea). All species in the genus produce nectar, but some (B. coerulea, B. galpinii) appear to mimic flowers of ...

quality control plays an important role in increasing the product quality. fuzzy control charts are more sensitive than shewhart control chart. hence, the correct use of fuzzy control chart leads to producing better-quality products. this area is complex because it involves a large scope of industries, and information is not well organized. in this research, we provide a literature review of th...

Frequently, trends in record AM1.5 power-conversion efficiencies versus time, such as the NREL efficiency chart, are used to analyze relative merits of different photovoltaic material technologies. However, this approach belies effort expended achieving these levels performance. We introduce cumulative publications a proxy for total R&D efforts and find surprisingly that silicon, Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (...


 A few years ago, validating proteins to see if they were good or bad was a process that took years. With the creation of Ramachandran Graph evaluates protein structures through angles φ (phi) and ψ (psi), this task became less onerous. evolution computing bioinformatics, platforms have been created generate graphs in an online manner, however, high degree usability complexity. The system...