Animal viral diseases in Latin American countries are studied in the light of the growing economic dependence between industrialized countries and countries producing raw materials, including animal pro­ tein. Viral diseases contribute to create the status of underdevelopment but may also be consequences of this status. The history of the livestock industry in Latin America, where viral disease...

Cleido-cranial dysplasia, often referred to as Scheuthauer-Marie-Sainton syndrome, is an autosomal dominant disorder of the musculo-skeletal system. Patients with cleido-cranial dysplasia are characterized by short stature, frequent varus or valgus hip, kyphoscoliosis, underdevelopment of the scapulas and the sternum, incorrect number of ribs. The most characteristic feature is unilateral or bi...

Maternal smoking is associated with metabolic disorders, renal underdevelopment, and a predisposition to chronic kidney disease in offspring, yet the underlying mechanisms are unclear. By exposing female Balb/c mice to cigarette smoke for 6 wk premating and during gestation and lactation, we showed that maternal smoke exposure induced glucose intolerance, renal underdevelopment, inflammation, a...

Economic activity in different industries is linked to each other through aggregate income (horizontal linkages) and input-output relationships (vertical linkages). Could such linkages give rise to vicious circles of underdevelopment or virtuous circles of development when there are increasing returns to scale at the firm level? We show that vicious or virtuous circles based on demand linkages ...

Since the late 1990s, theories and practices of ecocriticism have tended to be more politically engaged than in its earliest phase, considering that “environmental problems cannot solved without addressing issues wealth poverty, overconsumption, underdevelopment, notion resource scarcity” (Heise 251-2). This paper engages with political orientation by examining presentations humans nature three...