THE INDEPENDENT REVIEW is the acclaimed interdisciplinary journal devoted to the study of political economy and the critical analysis of government policy. Edited by the noted historian and economist, Dr. Robert Higgs, THE INDEPENDENT REVIEW is thoroughly researched, peer-reviewed, and based on scholarship of the highest caliber. However, unlike so many other journals, it is also provocative, l...

This paper emphasises the importance of assessing measurement equivalence when using cross-national and longitudinal surveys. We illustrate how to test for measurement equivalence using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) and clarify under what conditions both meaningful comparisons of construct means and relationships between constructs are possible. Using data from the Internatio...

In this paper, the main reasons that led in post-Soviet period to process of replacing ruling classes with counter-elite are analyzed. study, using dialectical methodology, authors identify trends and, following them a logical chain, explain order procedures for political elites’ circulation. This paper also focuses on education factor, which significantly determines formation and circulation e...

Abstract Despite extensive criticisms of mass surveillance and mobilization by civil liberties digital rights activists, has paradoxically been extended legalized in the name security. How do some democratic claims against appear to be normal common-sense, whereas others are deemed unacceptable, even outlandish? Instead starting from particular “logics” either security or democracy, this paper ...

This article examines applications of complexity theory within the behavioral and social sciences. Specific attention is given to the fundamental characteristics of complex adaptive systems (CAS)--such as individuals, groups, and societies-including the underlying structure of CAS, the internal dynamics of evolving CAS, and how CAS respond to their environment. Examples drawn from psychology, s...